Preface
Science is a dominant(占優(yōu)勢的) theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive（普遍的；深入的）in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means
A cultural groups that are formed by scientists. B people whose knowledge of science is very limited.
C the scientific community. D people who make good contribution to science.
We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because
A. it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.
B Science affects almost every aspect of our life.
C Scientists live in a specific subculture. D It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.
The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who
A are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.
B are good at producing various gadgets.
C work in a storehouse of dried facts. D want to have a superficial understanding of science.
According to this passage,
A English is a sexist language. B only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.
C women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.
D male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.
This passage most probably is
A. book review. B the preface of a book. C the postscript of a book. D the concluding part of a book.
【小題1】C
【小題2】B
【小題3】A
【小題4】D
【小題5】B
這是一篇書的序言，作者用夾敘夾議的寫作方法介紹了書的涉及面及其功能。
首先提出科學(xué)是我們文化的重大主題，但人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活的亞文化群，只有懂得一些激勵和挫傷科學(xué)家的種種情況，才能理解科學(xué)的一般特征及其特殊概念。
第二方面指出書的讀者對象是對科學(xué)一知半解的學(xué)生及門外漢。書可作理工科課程的輔助（補充）讀物，又可獨立自成體系。它可開闊人們科學(xué)的視野，真正了解科學(xué)、科學(xué)家及其工作，理解科學(xué)和文化的關(guān)系，科學(xué)觀點和哲學(xué)的關(guān)系。
第三方面指出亞文化群中婦女增多，貢獻(xiàn)巨大，而我們的語言卻隱含這性別的歧視，難以充分平等地反映婦女。
最后指出書信息量大又具娛樂性，寓教于樂。
【小題1】科學(xué)社區(qū)。答案在第一段第二句，人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活在其中的亞文化群以及他們是什么樣的人。第三段又講到，有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)的畫面以及婦女對科學(xué)亞文化的貢獻(xiàn)�？梢娍茖W(xué)社區(qū)即亞文化。
A. 科學(xué)家所組成種種文化群體。 B. 科學(xué)知識有限的一些人。 C. 對科學(xué)作出很大貢獻(xiàn)的人。
【小題2】因為科學(xué)幾乎影響到我們生活的各個方面。文章開綜明旨點出：科學(xué)是我們文化中的重要主題，由于它幾乎涉及到我們生活的每一方面，有知識的人至少需要熟悉一些結(jié)構(gòu)和作用。
A. 了解激發(fā)和挫傷科學(xué)家的事情可不太容易。（比較難） C. 科學(xué)家生活在特定的亞文化群中。D. 了解科學(xué)的一般特性比較容易。
【小題3】不太了解科學(xué)的大學(xué)生或門外漢。第二段首句就點出了這本書為對科學(xué)一知半解的大學(xué)生和門外漢所寫，為某些人，一直把科學(xué)看作干巴巴的事實堆砌的發(fā)霉的石屋的人；為那種把科學(xué)的主要目的視為生產(chǎn)小配件的人；為那些把科學(xué)視為某種魔術(shù)的人而寫。這說明主要為A項人所寫，對科學(xué)了解不多的大學(xué)生和普通人。
B. 善于生產(chǎn)各種小配件。 C. 在干巴巴的事實堆砌的石屋中工作。 D. 相對科學(xué)有膚淺了解的人。
【小題4】 不應(yīng)當(dāng)用陽性的名詞和代詞去指科學(xué)家。第三段集中講了這本書提供精確而又現(xiàn)代的有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)（社會）和居住在其中的人的畫卷。近年來，越來越多的婦女包括進(jìn)來，原因是許多婦女進(jìn)入傳統(tǒng)上為男人統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域，并做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)，所以婦女在科學(xué)亞文化群中的增多并不是罕見的偶然事件，而是社會各部門明顯趨勢的組成部分。在討論其變化和貢獻(xiàn)時，我們面臨著隱含性別歧視的語言――用陽性名詞和代詞來指未指定人物，為了消除這種偏頗，我們在可能和必要時采用了復(fù)數(shù)名詞和代詞來取代他或她。
A. 英語是一種性別語言。 B. 只有在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中，婦女的作用增長很快。 C. 婦女在曉民我們語言中的不適當(dāng)性作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)此題注釋說明這三項都不對。英語不能說成是有性別的語言，其中雖有些詞性表示男性或女性。文內(nèi)明確指科學(xué)界婦女增多是整個社會的趨勢的組成部分。由于婦女在科學(xué)界的貢獻(xiàn)，所以不能再用陽性名詞或代詞去指科學(xué)界，并不是在消滅語言……
【小題5】書的前言，見文章大意。A. 書的評論。 C. 書跋、書的附錄。 D. 書的結(jié)論部分。
口算能手系列答案科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：
—How can I wake up so early?
—Set the alarm at 5 o’clock, ________ you’ll make it.
A. but B. or C. and D. so
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
The way people hold to the belief that a fun - filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.
As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment （預(yù)擔(dān)的義務(wù)）, self - improvement.
Ask a bachelor（單身漢） why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.
Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three - day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.
Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.
According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because ________ .
A. he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities
B. he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single
C. he finds more fun in dating than in marriage
D. he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement
Raising children, in the author’s opinion is ________ .
A. a moral duty B. a thankless job
C. a rewarding task D. a source of inevitable pain
From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from ________ .
A. hatred B. misunderstanding C. prejudice D. ignorance
To understand what true happiness is one must ________ .
A. have as much fun as possible during one’s lifetime
B. make every effort to liberate oneself from pain
C. put up with pain under all circumstances
D. be able to distinguish happiness from fun
What is the author trying to tell us?
A. Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain．
B. One must know how to attain happiness.
C. It is important to make commitments.
D. It is pain that leads to happiness.
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
There are several ways you can find out about the countries and places you wish to visit. You can talk to friends who have travelled to the places. Or you can go and see a colour film. Or you can read travel books.
It would seem that there are three kinds of travel books. The first are those that give a personal, subjective(主觀的) account of travels which the author has actually made himself. if they are informative and have a good index(索引), then they can be useful to you when you are planning your travels. The second kind are those books whose purpose is to give a purely objective(客觀的) description of things to be done and seen. If a well-read, cultured person has written such a book, then it is even more useful. It can be sorted as a selected guide book. The third kind are those books which are called “a guide” to some place or other. If they are good, they will, in addition to their factual information, give an analysis or an explanation. Like the first kind they can be inspiring and interesting. But their basic purpose is to help the reader who wishes to plan in the most practical way.
Whatever kind of travel book you choose you must make sure that it does not describe everything as “wonderful”, “excellent” or “magical”. You must also note its date of publication because travel is a very practical affair and many things change quickly in the twenty-first century. Finally, you should make sure that the contents are well presented and easy to find.
This passage is about _______.
A. how to travel B. how to buy travel books
C. how to read a travel book D. travel books
The following travel books may be of use when you plan your travels except _______.
A. the book written by some people who have had the same travel experience themselves
B. the book which tells you what is worth doing and seeing based on the facts
C. the book in which a lot of big adjectives are used to draw your attention
D. the book which offers you a lot of useful information like a tour guide
The date of the publication must be noticed because _______.
A. the world is changing and so are the places you are going to visit
B. the price of the book is always changing
C. the author of the book may be different
D. the contents of the book are always the same
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
A black hole is created when a large star burns out. Like our sun, stars are unbelievably hot furnaces (熔爐) that burn their own matter as fuel. When most of the fuel is used up, the star begins to die.
The death of a star is not a quiet event. First there is a huge explosion. As its outer layer is blasted off into space, the dying star shines as brightly as a billion suns.
After the explosion gravity pulls in what’s left of the star. As the outside of the star sinks toward the center, the star gets smaller and smaller. The material the star is made of becomes tightly packed together. A star is so dense that a teaspoon of matter from it weighs billion of pounds.
The more the star shrinks, the stronger the gravity inside it becomes. Soon the star is very tiny, and the gravity pulling it in is unbelievably strong. In fact, the gravity is so strong that it even pulls light into the star! Since all the light is pulled in, none can go out. The star becomes black when there is no light. Then a black hole is born!
That’s what we know about black holes. What we don’t know is this: What happens inside a black hole after the star has been squeezed into a tiny ball? Does it keep getting smaller and smaller forever? Such a possibility is hard to imagine.
But if the black hole doesn’t keep shrinking, what happens to it? Some scientists think black holes are like doorways to another world. They say that as the star disappears from our universe, it goes into another universe. In other words a black hole in our universe could turn into a “white hole” in a different universe. As the black hole swallows light, the white hole shines brightly—somewhere else. But where? A different place, perhaps, or a different time — many years in the past or future.
Could you travel through a black hole? Right now, no. Nothing we know of could go into a black hole without being crushed. So far the time being, black hole must remain a mystery.
Black holes are a mystery—but that hasn’t stopped scientists from dreaming about them. One scientist suggested that in the future we might make use of the power of black holes. They would supply all of Earth’s energy needs, with plenty to spare. Another scientist wondered if a black hole could some day be used to swallow earthly waste—a sort of huge waste disposal(處理) in the sky!
When the star begins to die ______.
A. there is no fuel left in it B. its outer layer goes into space first
C. a huge explosion will happen D. it doesn’t give off light any longer
Which of the following doesn’t help produce a black hole?
A. The gravity inside the star is very strong. B. The light can’t go out of the star.
C. The star becomes smaller and smaller D. The dying star shines very brightly.
The black hole ______.
A. continues becoming smaller and smaller all the time
B. goes into another universe and becomes a white hole
C. can pull in everything we know of in the world
D. will appear at another place at a different time
What’s the best title for this passage?
A. A New Scientific Discovery: Black Holes
B. How Do Black Holes Come Into Being?
C. What Are Black Holes?
D. Travel Through A Black Hole
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
Sitting and eating quietly on his father’s lap, the 18-month-old was oblivious to the infection in his veins(血管).But his father a strong farmer, knew only too well. It was the same one that killed his wife four month ago, leaving him alone with four children. The man started to cry.
“When my wife died, I thought ,well, it is from God, but at least I have him.” he said. “Then I learned he is sick, too. I asked if there was medicine and the doctors said no.
HIV and AIDS have quietly arrived in this land. They remain almost completely underground, hidden in ignorance（無知）and shame.
The father of the infected 18-month-old said his village teacher had never talked about AIDS. Nearly a year of tests on the father have found no HIV, and the old children are clear, but his smallest child tested positive（陽性）at ten months.
Six years earlier, his wife lost a baby and have several transfusions in Pakistan. After she became sick and was found to be infected, “I told the family her blood was not good and to avoid eating with her.” he said. “And I told them not to kiss his son, he burst into tears.
“I don’t know what to do,” he said; “I have sacrificed so much since my marriage.. I mortgaged (抵押)half my land to pay for her medical care.”
The father can do little for his son but keep his secret. There are no AIDS treatment centers in Afghanistan, only a single secret clinic in the capital that just monitors the disease, and no drugs are available.
The underlined part “was oblivious to” in Paragraph 1 can best be replaced by______.
A. was shocked by
B. was afraid of
C. was curious about
D. was unaware of
What happened to the man?
A. He was diagnosed with AIDS just now
B. He has no money to support the family
C. His wife died of AIDS four weeks ago
D. His youngest son was infected with AIDS
It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that______
A. the wife had several blood transfusions
B. the family knew how to avoid AIDS
C. the farmer had little knowledge about AIDS
D. the family loved the youngest son most
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. There are several AIDS treatment centers in Afghanistan
B. The farmer will keep his son’s disease unknown to others
C. The farmer sold his house to pay for his wife’s medial care
D. Afghanistian’s medical conditions have been greatly improved.
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：
. Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ________?
A. taking B. take
C. taken D. to take
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：
_____ in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him .
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：
I lived in Beijing,_____is the capital of China.
A.which B.where C.that D.what
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