Trying to make a big decision while you’re also preparing for a scary presentation? You might want to hold off on that. Feeling stressed changes how people weigh risk and reward. However, an article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, suggests stressed people pay more attention to the positive sides of a possible outcome.
It’s a bit surprising that stress makes people focus on the way things could go right, says Mara Mather of the University of Southern California. She co-wrote the review paper with Nichole R.Lighthall. “This is sort of not what people would think, ” Mather says. “Stress is usually associated with negative experiences, so you’d think, maybe I’m going to be more focused on the negative outcomes.”
But researchers have found that when people are under stress, they start paying more attention to positive information and discounting negative information. “Stress seems to help people learn from positive feedback and impairs（削弱）their learning from negative feedback, ” Mather says.
When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems. So someone who’s deciding whether to take a new job and is feeling stressed by the decision might focus on the increase in salary more than the longer commute（上下班往返）.
The increased focus on the positives also helps explain why stress plays a role in addictions. People under stress have a harder time controlling their urges. “The compulsion to get that reward comes stronger and they’re less able to resist it,” Mather says. A person who’s under stress might think only about the good feelings they’ll get from a drug, while the downsides shrink into the distance.
Stress also increases the differences in how men and women think about risk. When men are under stress, they become even more willing to take risks; when women are stressed, they get more conservative(保守的). Previous research backs this up — men usually react to difficulties while trying to fight them or escape them; women try to find friends and improve their relationships.
小題1:By saying “You might want to hold off on that” in the first paragraph, the writer suggests that      .
A．you might want to delay making your big decision
B．you should save the presentation for later
C．you should avoid taking risks
D．you might benefit from the stress
小題2:From the article, we can conclude that stress       .
A．often leads people to take more risks
B．often leads people to make balanced decisions
C．makes people think more of negative results
D．makes people ignore the negative side of problems
小題3:Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?
A．Stress is helpful in getting rid of addictions.
B．People who are addicted to drugs are easily stressed.
C．When women are stressed, they do not tend to take risks.
D．When men are stressed, they are more likely to develop an addiction.
小題4:What is the central theme of the article?
A．Stress can affect decision-making.
B．Stress increases our desire to get rewards.
C．We should think more about the upside of problems.
D．There is a link between stress and negative experiences.

小題1:A
小題2:D
小題3:C
小題4:A

試題分析：這篇文章主要講了壓力影響人的決定。
小題1:根據(jù)Feeling stressed changes how people weigh risk and reward. However, an article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, suggests stressed people pay more attention to the positive sides of a possible outcome.故選A。
小題2:根據(jù)When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems.故答案應(yīng)為D。
小題3:根據(jù)when women are stressed, they get more conservative(保守的)，故選C。
小題4:通過全文以及Feeling stressed changes how people weigh risk and reward，故選A。
點(diǎn)評(píng)：本題型考查了對(duì)文章段落或某一板塊的理解概括能力。先閱讀問題，然后帶著問題，再讀全文，找出答題所需要的依據(jù)，完成閱讀。在詞義與句義理解的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合上下文總結(jié)歸納某一段或幾段的大意，對(duì)于把握文章主旨，分析全文結(jié)構(gòu)都是至關(guān)重要的。縱觀歷年高考試題，閱讀理解試題一般有以下幾種題型：一是直接回答who, whom, which, what, where, when, why, how等疑問詞引起的細(xì)節(jié)問題；二是猜測(cè)詞義題；三是推理判斷題；四是綜合概括題。在做閱讀理解題時(shí)，一定要仔細(xì)看完，看清楚試題要求再作答，特別要注意NOT，TRUE，EXCEPT等詞。有時(shí)，要先看題，后閱讀文章，帶著問題去讀短文，可縮短閱讀時(shí)間，效果也許會(huì)更好。 
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Medicine comes in lots of different packages. Painkillers in a tablet can make your headache go away. Antibiotic cream (抗菌素膏) from a tube can prevent your cuts from becoming infected. But can medicine come packaged in chicken eggs?
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A．painkillers in a tabletB．a(chǎn)ntibiotic cream from a tube
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A．Scientists from Scotland have succeeded in packing medicine into chicken eggs.
B．The drugs are made of molecules called proteins.
C．Scientists chose chickens for their experiments because chicken eggs taste delicious.
D．The animals are good candidates for making protein drugs.
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B．scientists changed the chicken’s DNA and put all the drugs in chicken eggs
C．we may eat special eggs as drugs when we are sick in the future
D．the drugs produce harmful effects on the chicken’s bodies
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C．Chicken Eggs and MedicineD．Chicken Eggs and Animal Milk

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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B．Researchers have no interest in developing dry-land crops
C．Research on locally appropriate crops in the Third World may be profitable
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A．knowingfactsbeyondthestatement
B．lookingformoreevidencesforthestatement
C．findingoutadifferentmeaningfromthestatement
D．a(chǎn)ddingsomefactstothestatement
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The south and east of the Great Lakes is famous for the huge amounts of snow it receives. When the snow starts to fall every year,　people start discussing the phrase “l(fā)ake-effect snow”.
Lake-effect snow which is influenced by the movement of cold air over the relatively warm water of the Great Lakes often comes in late autumn and early winter. Because of the at least 20 degrees’ difference between the lake water and the overrunning air, it’s easy to form huge amounts of snow.
As the cool air crosses the water of Great Lakes, the lowest levels of the atmosphere begin to warm and pick up moisture. This newly warmed atmosphere is lighter than the cold air above it, so it starts rising. As the changed air continues to climb higher and higher, it finally meets much colder atmosphere which changes the moisture into water drops and ice, forming clouds. After this course repeats a number of times, the clouds become heavier and heavier, and then they are changed into snow and fall down.
The most important point that decides the amount of snowfall is the direction of the wind. If the wind runs perpendicularly（垂直地）across the lake, there won’t be plenty of time for clouds to develop. However, if the wind runs in the opposite direction, clouds will form easily. The longer the cold air travels over the lake, the more moisture it is able to produce, which leads to a greater amount of snow.
The largest amount of the lake-effect snow was found across the U.P. of Michigan, the northwestern Pennsylvania and the far southwestern and northwestern New York, which are all along the south or east of the Great Lakes. It has been over 100 inches of snowfall in a winter season.
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A．the size of the lake
B．the direction of the wind
C．the temperature of the lake
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B．cold air always falls down and picks up moisture to form clouds
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A．the influences of the lake-effect snow for local people
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

What do butterfly wings have to do with computer screens? What do birds have to do with high speed trains?
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The word biomimicry (仿生學(xué)) combines two words: biology and mimicry. So people using biomimicry try to use examples in nature to design new technology.
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A．start a discussion B．make a brief summary
C．introduce the topic of the text D．test readers' knowledge on science
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A．To honor the Wright Brothers.
B．To show her recent inventions.
C．To gather talented people for her research.
D．To explore the link between nature and technologies.
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A．earns a lot by giving classes on biomimicry B．tells people about their technologies
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A．biomimcry works harmoniously with natureB．the fast development of modern technology
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C．The Biomimicry Institute was set up for science.
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

There is no question that teenagers need rules, which is often not a difficult thing for parents to give. What can be more challenging is giving teenagers their freedom. It can be difficult to draw the line between the two. However, some issues cannot be changed by discussion and require firm rules. For instance, rules should be established concerning driving the family car.
I will admit that I have no problem coming up with rules. To me they make life easier and they leave no room for questioning. What can be more difficult, however, is giving my teens their freedom. I guess there are really two primary reasons for this. One is that I sometimes am afraid to give them freedom. The second is that I’m not always so sure what the freedom should be.
It helps that I have a husband with whom I can discuss these problems. We talk about them, give our thoughts and then we come up with an agreement. Sometimes one of us might be more unwilling but we know that there comes a time when we really do have to learn how to let go of the reins (韁繩) a bit.
If we try to make life have nothing but rules, we are more likely to see our teen’s rebelling (反抗). They need to know that while we do have certain expectations, we also trust them to begin making their own choices and decisions. How else can they do that unless they are given the space and room to do it?
It’s really all about balance and I will be the first to admit that it can be a challenge to carry out. However, it is a necessary part of growing up. Yes, teens definitely need rules but they also need freedom.
小題1:According to the text, we can infer that the writer________.
A．refuses to give her children freedom
B．finds it difficult to make rules
C．doesn’t have a good relationship with her children
D．has trouble in giving freedom to her children
小題2:According to the writer, only rules without freedom will make the children _______.
A．strong-willedB．rebelliousC．weakD．independent
小題3:Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A．Rules are difficult to make for parents.
B．Rules and freedom are similarly important.
C．We should give children freedom as much as possible.
D．Rules are more important than freedom.
小題4:What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?
A．Problems.B．Children.C．Rules. D．Reasons.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Over the past decade, cheating—an act of academic dishonesty—has become more and more common.
The latest statistics shows more than two thirds of high school students admitted cheating on an exam last year, and—even more surprising—often the best students cheat to get to the top of their class—and they don’t think it is wrong. It’s not a big deal. Everybody is doing it.
It is a big deal! Cheating is basically wrong and must be punished.
If students easily get away with it, they might be encouraged to do it again. They won’t realize that this—in the broadest sense—is an attack on our society, which is based on values like honesty and fairness. The present spreading of cheating indicates a loss of those values and cannot be tolerated. An appropriate punishment for cheating incidents would make students aware of their misbehavior.
If no one were punished for cheating, who would ever study for an exam? Tons of papers would be lifted from websites, writing crib sheets would be more important than reviewing the subjects, and highly sophisticated cheating arts would be invented. Knowledge would only exist on the Internet and on cleverly created cheat sheets, but not in the minds of the students—a rather bad precondition to enrich our society wisely and intelligently.
Students have to learn that they have to learn. Only doing what’s right will bring them a feeling of pride and accomplishment and create self-confidence—the building blocks for a successful and satisfying life and a society that keeps its values.
小題1:What is more surprising is that       .
A．cheating is very common in schools
B．over 2/3 of the students cheat last year
C．even the best students cheat on exams
D．teachers are not aware of the problems
小題2:How do they make the students realize their misbehavior?
A．By letting them getting away with it.
B．By telling them what is right.
C．By catching them on the spot.
D．By giving them some punishment.
小題3:How can students create self-confidence?
A．By knowing they have to learn.
B．By doing what is right.
C．By learning the right things.
D．By being punished when cheating.
小題4:What does the underlined word “l(fā)ifted” mean?
A．takenB．removedC．copiedD．written

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