科目  英語(yǔ)

年級(jí)  高二

文件　high2 unit10.doc

標(biāo)題  At the Tailor's Shop (在裁店縫)

章節(jié)  第十單元

關(guān)鍵詞  高二英語(yǔ)第十單元

內(nèi)容 　　　

一、教法建議

【拋磚引玉】

■ 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語(yǔ)指南

Advice And Suggestions (勸告和建議)

● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語(yǔ)

    1. There seems to be something wrong with it . I can't possibly wear it . 這好象有點(diǎn)毛病，我不能穿了。

    2. I would like you to change this for a new one . 我很想讓你把這個(gè)給我換個(gè)新的。

    3. You sold me so old a bike that I can't use it . I insist that you give me my money back . 你買(mǎi)給了我如此破舊的自行車(chē)，我就不能用。我要求你退我款。

    4. It's not our fault . I'm afraid I can't do that . Why can't you do something about it ? 這不是我的錯(cuò)，恐怕我作不了主，你能不能靈活點(diǎn) ？

    5. Could you give me some advice on English study ? 我想征求一下關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。

    6. I 'd like your advice about / on this plan .

    7. What do you think I should do ?

    8. You'd better not trouble him . 你最好不要麻煩他。

    9. Let's help him with the luggage .

    10. Why not ask him to go with us ?

    11. How / What about seeing a film ? 去看電影怎么樣 ？

    12. I strongly advise you to keep your promise .

    13. I'm afraid I can't follow your advice .

    14. That's impossible , but thank you all the same . 這不可能，但還是要謝謝你的。

    15. Why don't you put off the meeting till next week ? 你為何不把會(huì)議推遲到下周 ？

● Model Dialogues 交際示范

A

    A：Hello . You look tired today . What happened ?

    B：I went to bed too late . I was reading a novel and forgot the time .

    A：Really ? You need a rest tonight .

    B：Yes , I think so .

    A：You'd better go to bed earlier if you can .

    B：Yes , you're right .

B

    A：I've lost my ruler . Have you seen it anywhere ?

    B：Sorry , I haven't . You'd better try your desk .

    A：Yes , I did , but I didn't find it .

    B：Why don't you ask Jim ? He was using a ruler just now .

    A：Thanks . I'll go and ask him .

■ 單元核心句型結(jié)構(gòu)

1. It looks / seems as if … 看起來(lái)好象 ……

    It looks as if it is going to rain . 看起來(lái)天要下雨。

    測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：as if = as though 后 接虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

    He talks as if he had been there many times . 他談話(huà)的樣子好象是他已經(jīng)去過(guò)那里好多次了。

    When a pencil is partly in a glass of water , it looks as if it were broken . 當(dāng)一支鉛筆部分放入一杯水中，它看起來(lái)就像是斷了似的。

2. I insist (that) …

    測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：

    我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該……（賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬）；

    I insist he ( should ) write a letter of thanks to the school . 我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為他應(yīng)該向?qū)W校寫(xiě)個(gè)感謝信。

    我堅(jiān)持說(shuō)……（賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬）。

    He insisted that he didn't steal the money . 他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)有偷那筆錢(qián)。

3. I should like / would like sb to do sth 很樂(lè)意讓某人干……

    I should like you go shopping this weekend . 我倒很想讓你周末去買(mǎi)東西。

    測(cè)試要點(diǎn)：

    should like /love + to do 與簡(jiǎn)略回答。如：

    － Would you like to go swimming this Sunday ?

    － I'd like / love to .

    （用 to 代替 go swimming ）

    should like / love sb to 很想讓某人去干 ……

    We'd like our teacher to point out and correct our mistakes in our exercises . 我們很想讓老師指出并改正我們作業(yè)中的錯(cuò)誤。

    should like / love + to be + done 喜歡被……

    Little Jim would like to be taken to Beijing next Christmas .

4. Why don't you do … ? = Why not do … ? 為何不…… ？

    Why don't you (= Why not ) have a look at the other blouses ? 為何不挑選一下別的襯衫 ？

■ 單元誤點(diǎn)警示

    單元詞組 take place 透射出的隱型被動(dòng)

    在第 38 課中的詞組 take place (發(fā)生)屬“隱形被動(dòng)”范疇 ，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材中還有一些不用“be/get + 過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，其具體表現(xiàn)形式如下：

    ◆ 有些詞(組)常用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義 (break out ，take place ，belong to ，shut off ，turn off ，work out制定 ，add up to , run out 用完 ，give out耗盡 ，等) 如：

    The lights on the wall turned off .

    The incident took place in Dec.1936 .

    ◆ 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，一方面與所修飾的名詞或代詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系， 另一方面又與句子的主     語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)式代表被表式。如：

    Do you have any letters to post ? (對(duì)比：Manager wang , I'll go to the post office . Do you have any letters to be posted) ?

    ◆ 某些表示感覺(jué)、狀態(tài)或特征的連系動(dòng)詞(look, sound, taste, smell, feel, become, appear, prove, turn out等)的主動(dòng)形式常表被動(dòng)意義。如：

    － Do you like the material ?

    － Yes , it ____ very soft . (NMET 94)

        A. is feeling      B. felt

        C. feels           D. is felt          [ 答案：C ]

    His theory proved correct .

    Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth .

    ◆ 有些動(dòng)詞由“vt”變成的“vi”時(shí)， 常用主動(dòng)形式與方式狀語(yǔ)連用表被動(dòng)意義，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)常是物，該類(lèi)常用動(dòng)詞有：sell , lock , fill , dry , run , open , cut , read, wear , write , translate , wash , shut , blow , digest , begin 等。如：

    The door blew open . The book sells well .

    This cloth wears long . The story won't translate well .

    The food won't digest . The suitcase won't lock easily .

    ◆ 表“需要”的動(dòng)詞 (need , want , require , deserve , bear , demand) 后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式，或不定式的被動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)；在 be worth 后只接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如：

    － What do you think of the book ?

    － Oh , excellent. It's worth _____ a second time . (MET89)

        A. to read      B. to the read

        C. reading      D. being read     [答案：C]

    Your coat demands (requires , needs , wants) washing . (washing = to be washed)

    He certainly deserves sending (= to be sent) to prison .

    This telephone directory is well worth buying .

    ◆ 一些介詞加上具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞，常可表被動(dòng)意義。如：

    Several new railways are under _____ (建議 ) in China . (NMET96) [ 答案：construction]

    �？嫉拇祟�(lèi)介詞短語(yǔ)有：on show＝on exhibition , on sale , on fire , out of sight , in sight , under discussion , in the charge of , in the possession of , without help , without permission , under arrest , under repair , under consideration , under development 等。

    ◆ 有些以-able ，-ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞 ( visible 可見(jiàn)的， invisible 無(wú)形的，breakable 的， drinkable 可飲用的 readable 可讀的， acceptable 可接受的，respectable可尊敬的，countable 可數(shù)的，sensible可覺(jué)察的，等) 如：

    The water in this well is drinkable(=fit to drink) . (19) Many things are invisible to us .

    ◆ 由過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的形容詞 (pleased , interested , satisfied , frightened , worried, dressed , surprised , wounded , broken) 仍含有被動(dòng)意義。如：

    The girls are always dressed well .

    The boy cried , with a glass broken .

    ◆ 使役動(dòng)詞 have/get＋賓語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞 ，表示該分詞的動(dòng)作由別人來(lái)完成。如：

    －Good morning. Can I help you ?

    －I'd like to have this package ____ , Madame . (MET89)

        A. be weighed      B. to be weighed

        C. to weigh          D. weighed          [答案：D]

    I'll get my hair cut on Sunday .

    ◆ 有些名詞以 -ee 結(jié)尾含被動(dòng)意義 (以-er , -or 結(jié)尾卻含主動(dòng)意義) 。如：
trainee受訓(xùn)者(trainer訓(xùn)練員)，employe(e)雇員(employor雇主)，addressee收件人 (addresser, addressor發(fā)件人) ，rejectee被棄者 (rejecter拋棄者) 等。

    ◆ 當(dāng)不定式在作表語(yǔ)(或賓補(bǔ))的形容詞(heavy , light , interesting , pleasant , simple, comfortable, dangerous , strong , big , small , sweet , smooth , nice , fit , important , impossible , necessary , good , easy, hard , difficult 等) 后面作狀語(yǔ)， 且不定式與句中主語(yǔ) (或賓語(yǔ))在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。如：

    The chair looks rather hard , but in fact, it is very comfortable to _____ . (MET88)

        A. sit      B. sit on

        C. be sat      D. be sat on         [答案：B]

    They found the article hard to understand .

    (注意：當(dāng)不定式中的動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)需補(bǔ)上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。又如：This river is dangerous to swim in)

    ◆ 動(dòng)詞happen , last持續(xù) ，let出租 ，blame責(zé)備 ，seek尋求 ， 等用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。如：

    It is I who am to blame .

    This house is to let . 此房出租。

    ◆ 有些動(dòng)詞 (look , bake , burn , print…)的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表被動(dòng)意義。如：

    Bread is baking .

    The fish is cooking .

【指點(diǎn)迷津】

■ 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視

1. run ( ran , run ) 作不及物動(dòng)詞意思是“顏色退色”。褪

    Will the colours run if the dress is washed ? 這衣服洗起來(lái)會(huì)不會(huì)掉顏色 ？

    The red on his face ran . 他臉上的紅潤(rùn)不見(jiàn)了。

    Some colours run quickly in the sun . 有些顏色在陽(yáng)光下很快就褪色了。

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    run forward 向前跑去。run first 跑了第一。run a temperature 發(fā)燒。run a factory 辦工廠(chǎng)。run into 跑進(jìn)，偶然遇到。sth + run out = become used up (主語(yǔ)常是時(shí)間、食物、金錢(qián)) 用完了 。sb + run out of + sth 用完了。例如：

    His money soon ran out . 他的錢(qián)很快就用完了。

    He is always running out of money before payday . 他老是發(fā)工資的日子還沒(méi)有到就把錢(qián)給花完了。

    Last Sunday he ran into his old friend in the street . 上星期天他在街上遇到他的老朋友。

2. foolish 愚蠢的，傻的，鹵莽的，可笑的，荒謬的

    It's foolish of me to do so . 我這樣做真蠢。

    That's a foolish action . 那是各愚蠢的行為。

    You look foolish in that dress .

    It was foolish of her to act that way . = How foolish of her to act that way . 她那樣做該有多笨啊 ！

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    辨析 foolish （愚蠢）, stupid （笨）, silly（傻）

    foolish 強(qiáng)調(diào)缺乏智力、智慧或者判斷力，像愚人似的做出不合常理的事來(lái)。

    I think it's foolish of her to let pass such a fine opportunity to go abroad . 我認(rèn)為她放棄這樣一個(gè)出國(guó)的好機(jī)會(huì)是十分愚蠢的。

    stupid 常用于生氣和責(zé)罵時(shí)，用于人的性格時(shí)指智力或反應(yīng)遲鈍。

    What a stupid boy he is ! 他是個(gè)多么笨的孩子啊 ！

    You are not stupid , just lazy ! 你不笨，就是懶 ！

    He is stupid in learning maths . 他學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)很笨。

    silly 指智力低能，所做所為太無(wú)見(jiàn)識(shí)，因而常招致譏笑，含“聰明一世，糊涂一時(shí)”。

    I felt silly because I didn't know what to say . 我覺(jué)得很傻，因?yàn)槲也恢�道說(shuō)什么好。

    Don't ask such silly questions ! 別再問(wèn)這樣傻的問(wèn)題了。

3. insist vt.& vi. 堅(jiān)持；堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為；堅(jiān)決要求

    He insisted that I was wrong . 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為我錯(cuò)了。

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

(1) insist on + doing 堅(jiān)持做

    She insisted on going to Beijing herself . 她堅(jiān)持自己去北京。

    Mother insisted on our going to Dalian by train . 母親堅(jiān)持要我們乘火車(chē)去大連。

(2) insist 后不接不定式，接賓語(yǔ)從句。表示堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為應(yīng)該作某事時(shí)用可以省略 should 的虛擬語(yǔ)氣；表示堅(jiān)持說(shuō)明自己的看法時(shí)不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

    He insisted that he wasn't a thief .

    He insisted that I (should) finish this job alone .

    He insists that he has done right . 他堅(jiān)信自己做對(duì)了。

(3) insist on 主要是“堅(jiān)持”意見(jiàn)、看法、主張。stick to 常指“堅(jiān)持”原則、計(jì)劃、決定，含有繼續(xù)干或者接著干之意。

    He insisted on this point . 他堅(jiān)持這一點(diǎn)。

    He insisted on knowing the fact . 他堅(jiān)決要知道事實(shí)的真相。

    But Einstein stuck to his theory and went on with his research .

    We must stick to our plan .

    Lao Chen always sticks to his promise .

4. depend 依賴(lài)，依靠，信賴(lài)，相信

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

(1) depend on / upon 依靠 ，信賴(lài)（不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但在否定句中常用不定式的被動(dòng)式）

    He is a man to depend on .

    He isn't a man to be depended on .

    China doesn't depend on foreign countries .

    Whether we will hold the sports meet depends on the weather .

    You can depend on this newspaper .

    You may depend on it that he will want to come .

    Whether we can go for a picnic depends on our money .

(2) depend on sb for sth ; depend on sb to do sth

    He depends on his neighbour for help .

    All living things depend on the sun for their growth . 萬(wàn)物生長(zhǎng)靠太陽(yáng)。

(3) depend on / upon it 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，沒(méi)錯(cuò)

    Depend on it , we will win this match .

(4) It （all） depends (on) + 從句“要看……而定”

    It depends on whether you want to do it or not .

    It depends what you think of it .

5. choice 選擇，抉擇

    When you make friends , make a careful choice .

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    have no choice but / except to do 只有干……

    He had no choice but to sing a song for us .

■ 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄

Lesson 37

1. There seems to be something wrong with … 好象……有毛病

    There seems to be something wrong with my radio .

2. or else 要不然，否則

    Hurry up , or else you'll be late for this important meeting .

    He must be drunk , or else he is mad .

3. follow the instructions 按照說(shuō)明進(jìn)行

    It looks as if it hasn't been washed following the instructions . 好象沒(méi)有按照衣服的說(shuō)明要求去洗。

4. the fault of ……的過(guò)錯(cuò)

    That is not the fault of our company .

5. give back 退還，歸還

    You must give back the book to him by tomorrow .

    I hope you will give my money back next week .

    Will you please give the ruler back to Tom ? = Will you please give Tom back the ruler ?

6. do something about 對(duì)……采取措施

    Why don't you do something about the rubbish in front of your school ?

7. change A for B 用A交換B；換乘……車(chē)

    I'd like to change this dress for one in a larger size .

    You have to take No. 101 at first and then change for the bus No. 101 .

8. in the sun 在陽(yáng)光下

    They stood in the winter sun , talking .

    It's bad for you to read in the sun .

Lesson 38

1. take place 發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，舉行

    This dialogue takes place at a tailor's shop .

    When and where did the accident take place ?

    It took place on a rainy morning last week .

    Great changes have taken place here since 1978 .

    The dance will take place after school .

2. find sth rather expensive 發(fā)現(xiàn)……相當(dāng)貴

3. try on 試穿

    －Can I try on this pair of shoes ?

    － Sure , try it on , please .

4.have sth on / about / with + sb 身上帶有某物

    I don't have any small notes on me . 我隨身沒(méi)有帶小鈔票。

    You had better have a pen on you .

    Do you have any small change about you ? 你帶有零錢(qián)嗎 ？

    Have you any notebook about you ?

    Carry your driving licence with you .

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    have on 穿著（不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）

    Today she has on a white blouse . = Today she wears a white blouse . = Today she is wearing a white blouse .

5. judge by / from 根據(jù)……來(lái)判斷；從……來(lái)判斷

    We should judge a man by his deeds .

    You shouldn't judge strangers always by the clothes he wears .

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    judging by / from 依……來(lái)判斷 （作評(píng)注狀語(yǔ)）

    Judging by his words , he got angry .

6. pay for 支付費(fèi)用；負(fù)擔(dān)款項(xiàng)；付出代價(jià)

    How much did you pay for the dictionary ?

    Have those books been paid for ?

    You will have to pay for your mistakes . 你總得為你的錯(cuò)誤付出代價(jià)的。

7. put sb to the trouble of doing sth = trouble sb to do sth 麻煩某人干，為難某人干

    I'm sorry to put you to the trouble of helping me .

    He didn't want to put me to the trouble of meeting him at the airport .

8. apologize to sb for sth = make an apology to sb for sth 因……向某人道歉

    He made apologies to us for breaking the mirror .

9. just a moment / minute 等一會(huì)兒

10. worry about 擔(dān)心，擔(dān)憂(yōu)，著急，發(fā)愁

    Don't worry about it . It's nothing .

    Worrying about your health will make you ill .

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    be worried about 為……擔(dān)心，為……著急

    Don't be worried about me , Mary .

    She's always worried about her health .

11. be after 尋找，追求

    The police are after the missing boy in the woods .

12. get / take off 脫下

    You can get off your coat now .

    Get off your wet clothes .

13. do sb a favour = do a favour for sb 幫某人的忙，給某人一恩惠

    Will you do me a favour this time ?

    She did me a great favour 5 years ago .

    He is always ready to do his friends a favour .

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    當(dāng) do sb a favour 后面有不定式時(shí)常用 do sb the favour to do 或者 do sb the favour of doing 。注意冠詞的變化。

    Do me a favour , please . Turn the radio down .

    She asked me to do her the favour of closing the door .

    Will you do me the favor to lend me your dictionary ?

14. make … to one's (own) measure 根據(jù)某人的身材尺寸做

    Mother will make new clothes for me to my own measure .

    I'd like to have the skirt made to my own measure .

    It seems that this dress is made to her measure .

15. depend on / upon 依賴(lài)，依靠

    Everything depends on the conditions , time and place .

    Children must depend on their parents .

    She is a girl to be depended on .

    You can depend on us to do the work well .

16. put / write down 寫(xiě)下，記下; 放下

    Be sure to put down every word she says on the phone .

    Let me put down your telephone number before I forget it .

    This bus stopped to put down passengers , but that bus stopped to pick up passengers .

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    辨析下列由 put 構(gòu)成的搭配：

    put out 撲滅。put away 把……收起來(lái)，放好。put on 上演，穿/戴上。put in / into practice 實(shí)施。put in order 整理，整頓。put off 推遲，拖延。put up 舉起，建立，為……提供食宿。

17. drop in 順便拜訪(fǎng)

    I'll drop in and leave the new address .

    Would you like to drop in and have a cup of coffee

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    drop in + on sb 順便拜訪(fǎng)某人

    drop in + at sb 順便拜訪(fǎng)某地

    call on sb （比較正式）拜訪(fǎng)某人

    visit sb = pay a visit to sb （最正式）拜訪(fǎng)

    On my way back , I dropped in at my brother's house .

    Let's drop in on Aunt Wang , shall you ?

18. show sb out 送某人出去

    Wait a moment . Let me show you out . 等一下，我送你出去。

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    show sb in 領(lǐng)某人進(jìn)來(lái)。。show sb around + place 領(lǐng)某人參觀(guān)。show sb into 領(lǐng)某人進(jìn)入。

    要特別注意 show sb to the door 把某人送到門(mén)口。show sb the door 把某人趕出門(mén)去，下逐客令。

    He wouldn't listen to my apology . He showed me the door . 他對(duì)我的道歉聽(tīng)也不聽(tīng)就把我趕出了門(mén)。

Lesson 39 & 40

1. do some research about = make some research about / on 對(duì)……進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究

    They have done some research about free markets in this city for some time .

    They have done a great deal of research on that subject .

〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗

    research 雖然可以用復(fù)數(shù)，但其前不用 two , three , many , several , 但可以加 some �？梢杂茫篸o two pieces / items of research 做兩項(xiàng)研究工作。

    research 后可以接介詞 on , about , into 。如：

    He has made scientific researches on atom for ton years . 他從事原子科學(xué)研究已十年了。

2. offer the best advice and service 提供最好的建議和服務(wù)

3. do up 扎好，扣好，包好，整好，打扮。

    You've done up your buttons the wrong way . 你把鈕扣扣錯(cuò)了。

    She went to the mirror to do up her hair .

    They did up all the old newspapers and put then in a separate room .

    Mary has done herself up for the palace ball .

4. be suitable for + ing / sth 適合于，宜于

    These story-books are suitable for children to read .

    This kind of food is unsuitable for the patients .

    Is he suitable / fit for this job ?

5. understand about … 懂得有關(guān)……

    對(duì)比：Do you understand the meaning ? 你明白/ 理解那個(gè)意思嗎？

    Do you understand about space ? 你了解有關(guān)太空的情況嗎 ？

6. take sb seriously 對(duì)某人認(rèn)真接待，重視某人

    It is foolish of you not to take this boss seriously .

7. (and) what is worse = to make matters worse 更糟糕的是

    What was worse , this wine was not at all suitable for drinking with a meal .

    He felt very hungry . What's worse , he had no money on him .

    It got dark , and what was worse , we lost our way in the forest .

8. give sb the right / wrong change 給某人對(duì)/錯(cuò)錢(qián)

9. keep back 扣下，止住，隱瞞，留在后面

    The boss kept back $30 from her pay without any reason . 老板無(wú)緣無(wú)故地從她的工資中扣掉30美元。

    On hearing the news , the woman couldn't keep back her tears .

    There's no need to keep it back from you .

10. enjoy equal rights 享有平等的權(quán)利

    In China women enjoy equal rights with men .

11. fight sb to the end 同某人血戰(zhàn)到底

    No matter how powerful the enemy seems , we must fight them to the end .

12. know little about 對(duì)……知之甚少

13. in the world = on earth = completely 完全地，究竟，到底

14. get caught in 遇到，掛住

    Her dress got caught on a nail .

    They got caught in the rain the day before yesterday .

15. come off 脫離，掉下來(lái)

    The branches have come off the trees .

16. in the same order 以相同的順序

17. as usual 和往常一樣，照例

    As usual , he got up very early .

    Only a week after the fire in the store , it was doing business as usual .

■ 單元語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

●對(duì) as if 用法的探微

    本單元的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)是掌握 as if 的用法。as if 是連詞詞組，相當(dāng)于 as though , 意為“好像，好似”，引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意如下四點(diǎn)：

1 . as if 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。

    as if 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可以和 as though 互換，其句型為：“It looks / seem as if …”，其中 it 本身無(wú)詞義，是無(wú)人稱(chēng)代詞，looks / seems 是連系動(dòng)詞，as if 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。例如：

    It looks / seems as if you have got no experience . 看來(lái)你似乎并沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

2 . as if 引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句。

    as if 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句中的動(dòng)詞一般要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的主觀(guān)設(shè)想，動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式 (be 用 were ，適用于各種人稱(chēng))；若表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的主觀(guān)設(shè)想，動(dòng)詞用“had + 過(guò)去分詞”形式。例如：

    He acted as if he were smoking . 他那舉動(dòng)好像他抽煙似的。

    They talked as if they had been friends for years . 他們說(shuō)話(huà)很親熱，就像多年的老朋友似的。

3 . 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式，從句中的動(dòng)詞往往可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣，不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：

    I heard a noise as if she was crying . 我聽(tīng)到一種聲音，好象她在哭泣似的。

    He walked past me as if I didn't exist . 他從我身旁經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，好象我不存在似的。

4 . as if 引起從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用陳述語(yǔ)氣的情況有：

    如果句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是連系動(dòng)詞 look , feel , seem , taste , smell 等時(shí)，從句往往用陳述語(yǔ)氣。

    It looks as if we shall have to walk home . 看來(lái)我們得步得回家了。

    He looks as if he is going to smile . 他看起來(lái)象要微笑似的。

    如果所描述的行為本身就是一種事實(shí)時(shí)，通常用陳述語(yǔ)氣。

    The astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor . 宇航員們感到他們好象是被壓在船艙上了。

    說(shuō)話(huà)者認(rèn)為屬于事實(shí)的成分比較大，假設(shè)的成分較小時(shí)，一般用陳述語(yǔ)氣。試比較：

    He walks as if he were drunk . (沒(méi)有醉酒)

    He is walking this way and that as if he is drunk . (醉酒的可能性很大)

● No matter + 疑問(wèn)詞及其它

    本單元的另一個(gè)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)項(xiàng)目是 no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，No matter + 疑問(wèn)詞(what , when , etc . )表示“不管(無(wú)論)什么，何時(shí)”等等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中主要作用是來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

    No matter what happened , he wouldn't say a word . 無(wú)論發(fā)生什么事，他都守口如瓶。

    No matter what difficulties she met , she was going to be a singer . 不管會(huì)遇到什么困難，她決意要當(dāng)歌唱家。

    No matter how busy he was , he always came to see me . 無(wú)論他多么忙還總是來(lái)看我。

    在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，與上述結(jié)構(gòu)有相同意思和用法的結(jié)構(gòu)是：疑問(wèn)句 + ever。

    Whatever happened , he would not say a word .

    不過(guò)，在使用疑問(wèn)句 + ever 時(shí)，有以下幾點(diǎn)用法需要注意。

    ★ 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用“疑問(wèn)詞 + ever ”，而不能用“no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞”。

    Whoever smokes here will be punished . 無(wú)論誰(shuí)在這抽煙都要受到懲罰。

    Beggars will eat whatever they are given . 饑不擇食。

    ★“疑問(wèn)詞 + ever”可以用作修飾名詞的關(guān)系形容詞。

    Take whatever books you like best . 拿你最喜歡的書(shū)吧。

    ★“疑問(wèn)詞 + ever ”搭配連用時(shí)，可用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，用在特殊問(wèn)句中，表示“到底、究竟(=      at all)的意思。

    What ever do you want ? 你到底要些什么 ?

    How ever did I forget it ? 我怎么竟然把它忘了 ?

    ★“no matter”可以單獨(dú)用在句中或用作表語(yǔ)，意思是 it doesn't matter (不要緊)，never mind (沒(méi)關(guān)系)。

    It makes no matter whether he likes it or not . 他喜歡不喜歡都沒(méi)有關(guān)系。

    It is no matter whether you get there early or late . = It doesn't matter whether you get there early or late . 你早晚到那兒都沒(méi)關(guān)系。

    No matte , madam . 不要緊，夫人。

    ★ No matter 與 who , what , where , when…. 連用時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。

    No matter where you go , she'll love you . 無(wú)論你走到哪里，她都會(huì)愛(ài)你的。

    ★“no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞”放在句末時(shí)，往往不需要?jiǎng)釉~跟在后面。

    I'll always believe you , no matter what . (不用 happen)不論發(fā)生什么，我都會(huì)相信你的。

〖針對(duì)練習(xí)〗

    用“no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞”或“疑問(wèn)詞 + ever”填空

    1 . ______ you go , you'll find your friends .

    2 . I'll eat _______ you gave me .

    3 . _______ he says , I'll do it .

    4 . _______ he is in trouble , I'll be ready to help him .

    5 . _______ she says should be considered .

    6 . The teacher will give a medal to _______ studies hardest .

    7 . You may take ______ gifts you want .

    8 . _______ made you so angry ?

    9 . _______ promise to buy you a car ?

    10 . ______ have you made so great progress ?

    11. baggage it is , it will be kept until the owner returns .

    答案：1 . Wherever / No matter where 2 . whatever 3 . Whatever / No matter what 4 . Whenever / No matter when 5 . Whatever 6 . whoever 7 . whatever 8 . What ever / Who ever 9 . Who ever 10 . How ever 11. No matter whose

二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航

【學(xué)法指要】

● 哪些詞能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

    ◇ 用連詞 though 和 although，譯成漢語(yǔ)為“雖然……但是……”。后者的語(yǔ)氣稍正式些。要注意的是：英語(yǔ)中用了 though (although)，在主句中不要再加 but 。但他們可以與副詞 still 和 yet 等連用，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。

    Although it was quite late , we were still working in the fields . 雖然時(shí)間很晚了，但我們還在田里工作著。

    ◇ 用 if 或 even if , 譯成漢語(yǔ)為“即使……”。

    If we failed in this English examination , at least we did our best . 即使我們?cè)谶@次英語(yǔ)考試中失敗我們至少盡了最大努力。

    I'll go even if it rain . 即使天下雨，我也要去。

    ◇ 用 whether ，譯成漢語(yǔ)為“不論”。

    Whether it may rain or not , I'll do morning exercises . 不論天下雨不下雨，我都做早操。

    ◇ 用 even when ，譯成漢語(yǔ)為“縱然……”等含義。

    Even when it was raining heavily , he refused to take an umbrella . 縱然天在下大雨，他也拒絕帶雨傘。

    ◇ 用 while , 它和 if , when 所引出的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句是通過(guò)連詞在句中表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與主句的內(nèi)容在意義上相反。

    While I appreciated (重視) the honour , I could not accept the position . 盡管我     重視榮譽(yù)，但是我不能接受那個(gè)職位。

    ◇ 用 as ，但語(yǔ)序要倒裝。

    Poor as he is ( = Though he is poor) , he is honest . 雖然他貧窮，但他誠(chéng)實(shí)。

    ◇ 用連接代詞(副詞) whatever , whichever , whoever , wherever , whenever 和 however 等來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

    Whatever happens , (=No matter what) , we'll carry on the experiment . 不管怎么樣，我們要繼續(xù)試驗(yàn)。

    He will never succeed , however hard he tries . 無(wú)論他如何努力嘗試，他都不會(huì)成功。

● 條件在哪里 ？

請(qǐng)先看這樣兩句話(huà)：

    1 . Without electricity human life would be quite different today .

    2 . Given more attention , the trees could have grown better .

    以上兩句都是虛似條件句，但在這些句子卻看不到 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，那么，它們的條件在哪里呢 ?

    1 . 在 without 等引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)里，without 是最常見(jiàn)的用來(lái)表示條件的介詞，意思是“若沒(méi)有”等。

    Plants couldn't grow without air . 沒(méi)有空氣植物就不能生活。(without air = if there weren't air)

    Without your advice , he couldn't have succeeded . 若不是你的忠告，他不可能成功。(without your advice = if it hadn't been for your advice)

    另外 under 也常用來(lái)表示條件。

    We could have done better under more favorable conditions . 在更有利的條件下，我們能干得更好。

    2 . 在but for 或 except for 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)里，but for 與 except for 意義接近，可譯作“要不是……”，等于 if it hadn't been for 。

    But for the rain , we should have had a pleasant journey . 要不是下雨， 我們旅途愉快的。

    But for your coming , I should have been very lonely . 要不是你來(lái)，我會(huì)感到寂寞的。

    Except for you , I should be dead by now . . 要不是因?yàn)槟悖�我活不到現(xiàn)在。

    She would have left her husband except for the children . 若不是為了孩子，她早就離開(kāi)她丈夫了。

    3 . 用分詞表示。

    Invited , I would have come with you . (=If I had been invited , I would … )要是受到邀請(qǐng)，我會(huì)跟你一塊去的。

    I'd come and see you in Austria , given the chance . (= … if I were given the chance . )有機(jī)會(huì)的話(huà)，我會(huì)到奧地利去看你。

    4 . 隱含在 but 引導(dǎo)的并列句中。

    We would have given you a ride this morning , / but the car was full . ( = … this morning if the car hadn't been full . )今天上午我們本可以讓你搭我們的車(chē)的，但車(chē)上人滿(mǎn)了。

    He could have passed the driving test , but he was too nervous . 他原本能夠通過(guò)駕駛考試的，不過(guò)他太緊張了。

    5 . 隱含在副詞 otherwise (否則，不然的話(huà)，等于 if not)。

    It snowed heavily , Otherwise , I could have arrived earlier . 天下了大雪，不然的話(huà)，我會(huì)早到的。(此處，otherwise = if it hadn't snowed heavily)

    6 . 隱含在 but that 引導(dǎo)的從句里。這里 but 為介詞，but that 的意思是“若不是……”。

    I'd have come with you but that I was so busy . (= I'd have come with you if I hadn't been so busy . )我要是不忙，會(huì)跟你一塊兒去的。

    He would have helped us but that he was short of money . (= He would have helped us if he hadn't been short of money . )要不是那時(shí)他缺錢(qián)，他會(huì)幫助我們的。

    7 . 隱含在上下文的語(yǔ)境中。

    － We could have walked to the station . It was so near . 我們本可以步行去車(chē)站，它這么近。

    － Yes . A taxi wasn't necessary . 對(duì)，當(dāng)時(shí)乘出租車(chē)是不必要的。 (MET'92)

    此句上下文隱含了“如果不乘出租車(chē)的話(huà)”這個(gè)條件(車(chē)站很近，乘出租車(chē)沒(méi)必要。)

    I would have acted as he did . 我不會(huì)象他那樣干的。(隱含的條件是：“如果我要干的活if I had done it。”)

    在下一個(gè)例句中，隱含的條件更不難體會(huì)。

    Before liberation , years like these would have meant certain death for many people . Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children .

    解放前要是碰到這樣的年景，很多人肯定會(huì)死掉，許多人會(huì)逃荒要飯，許多人會(huì)被迫賣(mài)兒賣(mài)女。

【妙文賞析】

A Bullet in Mr Hand's Back

    Mr Hand was very strong when he studied in a middle school . He liked (1) and his favourite game was running . So he won several (2) at the sports meetings . He had hoped to go to college before the (3) broke out . He was told to join the army and he (4) the front . He was very brave and was hardly (5) anything . But one day he was badly wounded and his (6) sent him to the field hospital at once . The doctors tried their best to (7) him , but a bullet (子彈) was in his back and they couldn't bring it out when he was being (8) on . Having come out of hospital , Mr Hand was (9) by a police station . He worked hard but he often had a (10) in his back and had to go to the hospital . But the (11) in his town could not help him and advised him to go to a (12) hospital in the capital . He (13) their suggestion and started . His friends saw him off at the (14) . As the planes were often hijacked (劫持) , at the (15) he was stopped and the policemen told him to hand over all his things that were made of (16) .

    “I'm sorry to tell you , sir , ”said Mr Hand . “I can't (17) you unless you use knives ! ”

    “Are you having a (18) with us , sir ? ”called out an officer .

    “Don't be (19) , sir , ”Mr Hand said with a smile . “I'm trying to have the bullet (20) out ! ”

    Having heard his explanation , the officer let him in .

從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。

1 . A . lessons    B . sports         C . reading         D . writing

2 . A . medals     B . chances        C . plans           D . projects

3 . A . hire       B . earthquake     C . war             D . flood

4 . A . left       B . was left       C . sent to          D . was sent to

5 . A . afraid of  B . tired of      C . in need of       D . interested in

6 . A . officers   B. officials       C . soldiers        D . secretaries

7 . A . rescue     B . save           C . encourage       D . explain

8 . A . examined   B . checked        C . operated         D . treated

9 . A . borrowed   B . employed       C . stationed       D . elected

10 . A . mark      B . disease        C . pain            D . result

11 . A . doctors   B . scientists     C . folks           D . relatives

12 . A . near      B . old            C . good            D . better

13 . A . accepted  B .received        C . appreciated     D . thanked

14 . A . railway station     B . airport     C . port     D . bus stop

15 . A . plane     B . office         C . exit            D . entrance

16 . A . medal     B . model          C . metal           D . plastic

17 . A . see       B . look at        C . hear            D . listen to

18 . A . joke      B . arguing        C . problem         D . communicating

19 . A . sad       B . afraid         C . angry           D . astonished

20 . A . sent      B . brought        C . finding         D . dug

    〖答案〗 1 . B 2 . A 3 . C 4 . D 5 . A 6 . C 7 . B 8 . D 9 . B 10 . C 11 . A 12 . D 13 . A 14 . B 15 . D 16 . C 17 . D 18 . A 19 . C 20 . B

    〖釋疑〗1. 從下一句 his favourite game was running 可以確定應(yīng)選 sports 。2. 在運(yùn)動(dòng)回上自然是獲得獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢�故選 medals 。3. 從上下文可以知道他不是生長(zhǎng)在和平的年代（He was told to join the army .），故選war 。4. 保家衛(wèi)國(guó)就會(huì)被派往前線(xiàn)，所以選D。5. 從very brave 和 hardly 可以知道他英勇無(wú)畏，選A。6. 在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)受傷只能是戰(zhàn)友們伸出友愛(ài)的手把他送到戰(zhàn)地醫(yī)院，故只能選 C。7. 受重傷已經(jīng)脫離在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的險(xiǎn)境，面臨的就是搶救他的性命，rescue 是營(yíng)救，save 是搶救生命，所以選 B。8. 動(dòng)手術(shù)符合語(yǔ)境。9. 康復(fù)出院后應(yīng)是被雇傭，所以選B。10. 由于前面的伏筆中有背部子彈未取出，現(xiàn)在疼痛是在所難免的，所以選C。11. 既然建議他當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院無(wú)能為力，愛(ài)莫能助，只有醫(yī)生說(shuō)出此言。12. 從 in the capital 暗示出只有條件好的大醫(yī)院才能取出他背部的子彈。并不是醫(yī)院舊或離當(dāng)?shù)亟�就能如原以嘗。13. 從started(出發(fā))知他接受了（accepted）建議，不只是接到(received)建議。14. 下文 planes 的提示說(shuō)明朋友在機(jī)場(chǎng)送行。15. 根據(jù)常識(shí)在入境出接受海關(guān)檢查，只有 entrance 符合此意。16. 對(duì)人有危險(xiǎn)的器物恐怕金屬類(lèi)的比較現(xiàn)實(shí)，故選 metal。17. 幽默在于 Mr Hand 并沒(méi)有什么惡意，自己身上的子彈只有用手術(shù)刀才能解決問(wèn)題�？蓪�(duì)方卻產(chǎn)生理解上的偏差，故用listen to sb 表達(dá)服從之意。18. 從檢查人員的大聲喊叫（called out）中可以感受到請(qǐng)Mr Hand 不要開(kāi)玩笑而妨礙公事。19. Mr Hand 一看對(duì)方臉色和反應(yīng)不對(duì)勁，知道自己的話(huà)引起了誤會(huì)，故笑容滿(mǎn)面（with a smile）地向怒氣沖沖的警察們解釋說(shuō)明。故選C。20. have sth + done 是讓……被。bring out 取出。dig out 不符合實(shí)際。

【思維體操】

世界名人系列 NMET閱讀理解 (2)

Abraham Lincoln

    When Abraham Lincoln took office in March of 1861 , James Buchanan said to him, “If you are as happy on entering the White House as I'm leaving it , you are the happiest man in this country . ” Difficult times lay ahead for Lincoln , and both men knew it . Seven Southern States had already left the Union , four more states would soon follow them . The start of the Civil War was only weeks away . Many people doubted (懷疑) Lincoln's ability to pull the Union together . He was just a country lawyer . He had only a few years of schooling , and he had served one term in Congress (國(guó)會(huì)) . His only real fame came from a series of debates (辯論) over slavery . Lincoln's firm s