The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs will stop doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present．

The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs and getting them to present a paw for a reward．On giving this “handshake” the dogs received a piece of food．One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food．The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform the task．

The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stress when its partner was rewarded．

To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the frustration of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner．Here they continued to present the paw for much longer．

Dr Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behaviour．

“The only difference is one gets food and the other doesn’t, they are responding to being unequally rewarded．” she said．

The researchers say this kind of behaviour, where one animal gets frustrated with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates(靈長(zhǎng)類) before．

Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward．

The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference．Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either．Dr Range says this may be because they have been trained．

57．The dogs refused to give the paw when they_______．

A．found another dog was given nothing

B．felt they were not treated equally

C．were aware they received less food

D．were given too much reward

58．What would the dogs do if they presented their paw alone?

A．They would go on with the performance much longer．

B．They would be too shy to present their paw．

C．They would miss their partners．

D．They would compare what they got with that of others．

59．According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees ______．

A．pay no attention to the type of reward

B．only like to play interesting games

C．pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded

D．care more about how they are rewarded

60．Which of the following can best summerise the passage?

A．Animals’ various ways to show anger

B．Dogs are more envious than man

C．Most animals want to be be rewarded for their work

D．Animals also have a sense of fairplay

 

Mandara seemed to know something big was about to happen. So she let out a yell, caught hold of her 2-year-old daughter Kibibi and climbed up into a tree. She lives at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.

And on Tuesday, August 23rd, witnesses say she seemed to sense the big earthquake that shook much of the East Coast before any humans knew what was going on. And she’s not the only one. In the moments before the quake, an orangutan (猩猩) let out a loud call and then climbed to the top of her shelter.

“It’s very different from their normal call,” said Brandie Smith, the zookeeper. “The lemurs (monkey-like animals of Madagascar) will sound an alarm call if they see or hear something highly unusual.”

But you can’t see or hear an earthquake 15 minutes before it happens, can you? Maybe you can — if you’re an animal. “Animals can hear above and below our range of hearing,” said Brandie Smith. “That’s part of their special abilities. They’re more sensitive to the environment, which is how they survive.”

Primates weren’t the only animals that seemed to sense the quake before it happened. One of the elephants made a warning sound. And a huge lizard (蜥蜴) ran quickly for cover. The flamingoes (a kind of bird) gathered before the quake and stayed together until the shaking stopped.

So what kind of vibrations were the animals picking up in the moments before the quake? Scientist Susan Hough says earthquakes produce two types of waves — a weak “P” wave and then a much stronger “S” wave. The “P” stands for “primary”. And the “S” stands for “secondary”. She said she thinks the “P” wave might be what set the animals off.

Not all the animals behaved unusually before the quake. For example, Smith says the zoo’s giant pandas didn’t jump up until the shaking actually began. But many of the other animals seemed to know something was coming before it happened. “I’m not surprised at all,” Smith said.

1.Why did Mandara act strangely one day?

A．Because it sensed something unusual would happen.

B．Because its daughter Kibibi was injured.

C．Because it heard an orangutan let out a loud call.

D．Because an earthquake had happened.

2.According to Brandie Smith, _____.

A．many animals’ hearing is sharp

B．earthquakes produce two types of waves

C．primates usually gather together before a quake

D．humans can also develop the ability to sense a quake

3.Which word in the passage has a close meaning to the underlined word “cover”?

A．vibration          B．shelter            C．quake            D．range

4.Which animal seems unable to sense a quake?

A．A giant panda.      B．A flamingo.         C．A lemur.          D．A lizard.

5.What is the best title for the passage?

A．How animals survive a quake.              B．How animals differ from humans.

C．How animals behave before a quake.        D．How animals protect their young in a quake.

 

   The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs will stop doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present．

   The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs and getting them to present a paw for a reward．On giving this “handshake” the dogs received a piece of food．One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food．The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform the task．

   The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stress when its partner was rewarded．

   To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the frustration of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner．Here they continued to present the paw for much longer．

   Dr Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behaviour．

   “The only difference is one gets food and the other doesn’t, they are responding to being unequally rewarded．” she said．

   The researchers say this kind of behaviour, where one animal gets frustrated with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates(靈長(zhǎng)類) before．

   Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward．

   The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference．Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either．Dr Range says this may be because they have been trained．

57．The dogs refused to give the paw when they_______．

       A．found another dog was given nothing

       B．felt they were not treated equally

       C．were aware they received less food

       D．were given too much reward

58．What would the dogs do if they presented their paw alone?

       A．They would go on with the performance much longer．

       B．They would be too shy to present their paw．

       C．They would miss their partners．

       D．They would compare what they got with that of others．

59．According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees ______．

       A．pay no attention to the type of reward

       B．only like to play interesting games

       C．pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded

       D．care more about how they are rewarded

60．Which of the following can best summerise the passage?

       A．Animals’ various ways to show anger

       B．Dogs are more envious than man

       C．Most animals want to be be rewarded for their work

       D．Animals also have a sense of fairplay

For some reason, it takes constant reminders that we primates（靈長(zhǎng)目）need nurturing.
In a recent study of 46 baby chimpanzee（黑猩猩）orphans, Kim Bard of the University of Portsmouth in England and her colleagues demonstrated that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures do much better on cognitive（認(rèn)知）tests than babies who receive only food, shelter, and friendship with peers. But this is not breaking mews. In fact, it’s old news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlow conducted a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, without doubt, that lack of love and comfort makes for a crazy monkey.
Harlow constructed a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” topped with a plastic face. In this wire he fixed Mom with a milk bottle. The cage also held another wire mother covered with terry cloth. The baby monkeys spent all their time with the cloth mother and only went to the wire mother to feed, demonstrating that a soft touch beat something to eat any day.
Harlow’s monkey work was important because, at the time, child care “experts” and everybody’s grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy toward children. They advised parents not to respond to crying babies, felt babies should sleep alone to grow up independent, and for God’s sake put those kids down. But Harlow’s work changed all that. Mothers were soon permitted to have their newborns next to them in the hospital.
The current chimp research based on Harlow’s work shows that mother love not only makes for a psychologically well-adjusted child, but also makes for a smart kid. Bard and her colleagues evaluated the abilities of the chimps when they were 12 months old with standard human tests for children of that age, tests that ask little kids to imitate some action.
The highly raised chimps did better than the ones that were not loved, and what do you know, the well-raised chimps did even better than human kids on this small IQ test.
So we hear it once again. We are primates, social animals which need care and love. We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at least one person wants to be with us all the time. And if we get that kind of connection, we are sure to be fine, even better than fine.
【小題1】The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ______.

A．included 46 baby and mother monkeys

B．was nothing new to people about the findings

C．showed that many chimpanzees lacked love when they were young

D．showed that many chimpanzees had good relationships with their mothers

【小題2】Why was Harlow’s monkey work important?

A．Because the “no touch, no comfort” policy toward children was quite right.

B．Because parents were advised not to respond to babies’ crying.

C．Because Harlow’s work changed people’s former belief in child care.

D．Because mothers were not allowed to have their newborns next to them in the hospital.

【小題3】Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ______.

A．make them live comfortably	B．let them have more choices
C．give them more love	D．make a comparison

【小題4】Which of the following is TURE according to the text?

A．Well-raised chimps always do even better than human kids.

B．A 12-month chimps is far cleverer than a child of that age.

C．The newborns were not allowed to be with their mothers in the past in the hospital.

D．Constantly touching the baby can make it feel safer.

Mandara seemed to know something big was about to happen. So she let out a yell, caught hold of her 2-year-old daughter Kibibi and climbed up into a tree. She lives at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.
And on Tuesday, August 23rd, witnesses say she seemed to sense the big earthquake that shook much of the East Coast before any humans knew what was going on. And she’s not the only one. In the moments before the quake, an orangutan (猩猩) let out a loud call and then climbed to the top of her shelter.
“It’s very different from their normal call,” said Brandie Smith, the zookeeper. “The lemurs (monkey-like animals of Madagascar) will sound an alarm call if they see or hear something highly unusual.”
But you can’t see or hear an earthquake 15 minutes before it happens, can you? Maybe you can — if you’re an animal. “Animals can hear above and below our range of hearing,” said Brandie Smith. “That’s part of their special abilities. They’re more sensitive to the environment, which is how they survive.”
Primates weren’t the only animals that seemed to sense the quake before it happened. One of the elephants made a warning sound. And a huge lizard (蜥蜴) ran quickly for cover. The flamingoes (a kind of bird) gathered before the quake and stayed together until the shaking stopped.
So what kind of vibrations were the animals picking up in the moments before the quake? Scientist Susan Hough says earthquakes produce two types of waves — a weak “P” wave and then a much stronger “S” wave. The “P” stands for “primary”. And the “S” stands for “secondary”. She said she thinks the “P” wave might be what set the animals off.
Not all the animals behaved unusually before the quake. For example, Smith says the zoo’s giant pandas didn’t jump up until the shaking actually began. But many of the other animals seemed to know something was coming before it happened. “I’m not surprised at all,” Smith said.
【小題1】Why did Mandara act strangely one day?

A．Because it sensed something unusual would happen.

B．Because its daughter Kibibi was injured.

C．Because it heard an orangutan let out a loud call.

D．Because an earthquake had happened.

【小題2】According to Brandie Smith, _____.

A．many animals’ hearing is sharp

B．earthquakes produce two types of waves

C．primates usually gather together before a quake

D．humans can also develop the ability to sense a quake

【小題3】Which word in the passage has a close meaning to the underlined word “cover”?

A．vibration

B．shelter

C．quake

D．range

【小題4】Which animal seems unable to sense a quake?

A．A giant panda.

B．A flamingo.

C．A lemur.

D．A lizard.

【小題5】What is the best title for the passage?

A．How animals survive a quake.	B．How animals differ from humans.
C．How animals behave before a quake.	D．How animals protect their young in a quake.