5. go against 違背;不利于;反對
[舉例](1)The game is going against them. 比賽情況對他們不利。
(2)Man can't go against nature. 人不能違背自然規(guī)律。
(3)She asked the criminal patiently why he would always go against law.
她耐心地詢問罪犯為什么他總要違反法律。
4. feed vt. 喂;飼養(yǎng);撫養(yǎng)
[搭配]feed sth. to sb. = feed sb. with (on) sth. 用……喂養(yǎng)
feed sb./sth. 撫養(yǎng)某人/飼養(yǎng)……
feed on... 以……為食
[舉例] (1)How often do you feed your dog a day? 你一天喂狗幾次?
(2)He has a large family to feed. 他要養(yǎng)活一大家人。
(3)We feed meat to our dog. 我們喂肉給我們的狗吃。
(4)Cows feed on hay during winter. 牛在冬天吃干草。
2.raise vt.提示;增加;抬起;舉起;飼養(yǎng);撫養(yǎng);種植
[舉例](1) Raise your hand if you want to ask a question.
如果有問題要問,請舉手。
(2) Raise the temperature.把溫度升高。
(3) The farmer raised many sheep and crops.
那位農(nóng)民飼養(yǎng)了很多綿羊,種了很多莊稼。
(4) He raised the children by himself after his wife's death.
他妻子去世后,他一人獨自撫養(yǎng)了孩子。
[辨析]lift,raise,rise
lift,raise,rise這幾個動詞都有“由低處向高處舉起或升起”的意思,但它們的含義和使用情況有所不同。lift是指用體力或機械力把某物從地面舉到一定的高度。
[舉例] Can you lift the basket of earth from the ground?
你能把這筐土從地上提起來嗎?
raise強調(diào)抬高動作的姿勢。
[舉例] raise one's hand/a flag / a stone / ones voice / prices
舉手/升旗/搬起石頭/提高嗓門/提高價格
一般情況下raise和lift可以通用。
[舉例]This is too heavy for me to raise (lift).這個東西太重我舉不起來。
rise是“升起”,“站起來”的意思,是不及物動詞,表示主語由低而高的變化過程。
[舉例](1)The sun rises in the east. 太陽從東方升起。
(2)She rose from her seat. 她從座位上站了起來。
2.cause vt.引起,造成
[搭配] cause sth.引起(造成)……
cause sb. sth.= cause sth.to sb.對……造成……
cause sb.to do sth.使某人做某事
[舉例](1) What caused his death?是什么原因造成他的死亡?
(2) He caused his parents a lot of trouble. = He caused a lot of trouble to his parents. 她對父母造成很多麻煩。
(3)The drought caused the plants to die. 久旱造成植物枯萎。
[拓展]cause作“使引起”時為使役動詞,后面接不定式作賓語補足語,但不可按動詞原形、形容詞、 副詞或分詞等作賓語補足語,例如:
What caused him to be so sad? 是什么使他如此悲傷?
但上句不可用 What caused him so sad?
[比較]cause和reason作為名詞,都有“原因”的意思。cause指客觀存在的“原因”與effect(結(jié)果)相對;reason指推理上的理由,即是說明一種看法或行為的“理由”。
[舉例](1) Give me your reason for refusing?告訴我你拒絕的理由。
(2) The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是不謹慎。
1.effect n. 結(jié)果;影響;效果
[舉例](1)Do you think the medicine will have any effect? 你認為這藥有效嗎?
(2)His new way of teaching produced a good effect.
他的新教法產(chǎn)生了良好的效果。
(3)Scolding sometimes brings bad effects on a child.
責罵對小孩有時造成負面影響。
(4)The medicine had a good effect on me. 那種藥對我有良好的療效。
16. it作主語的用法:
1)it用作代詞
①指代事物或前面提到過的事物。例如:
What’s in the picture?.It's a cat.圖畫里是什么?是一只貓。
It's the wind shaking the door.是風刮得門響。
你曾經(jīng)給過她許多幫助,她永遠也不會忘記。
②指人。例如:
Who is it ? It's me. 是誰?是我。
③表示時間或季節(jié)。例如:
It is seven o'clock now. 現(xiàn)在7點鐘。
What day is today? It is Friday.今天星期幾?今天星期五。
What is the date today? It's the third of May.今天幾號?今天5月3號。
What season is it? It's autumn.現(xiàn)在是什么季節(jié)?是秋天。
④表示距離。例如:
How far is it from the school to your home? 從學(xué)校到你家多遠?
It is twenty miles from here to the village.從這里到那村莊20英里路。
⑤表示氣候。例如:
It is cold today. 今天天氣冷。
What was the weather like yesterday? It was fine. 昨天天氣怎樣?天氣晴朗。
It often rains here in summer. 這里夏天時常下雨。
⑥表示情況。例如:
How is it going with you ? 你近來情況怎樣?
Where does it hurt? 哪兒痛?
Whose pen is this? It's mine. 這是誰的鋼筆?是我的。
2)it用作形式主語
it常用來代替不定式、動名詞短語或名詞性從句作形式主語,位于句首,而被替代的真正主語后置。
① it + 謂語 + 不定式。例如:
It is easy to climb the hill.爬那座小山很容易。
It is his duty to settle the problem.解決那個問題是他的責任。
It is not proper to do so.這樣做不恰當。
② it + 謂語 + 動名詞短語。例如:
It is no use arguing with him.同他爭辯沒用。
It is no good going there. 到那里去沒有用處。
It is exciting working here with you.在這里同你一起工作很令人興奮。
③ it + 謂語 + 名詞性從句。例如:
It is clear that she is the best student in the class.
很明顯,她是班上最好的學(xué)生。
It's a pity that you can't go with her.你不能同她一塊去,真遺憾。
It's certain that he will get on well with them.
可以肯定,他會同他們相處得很好。
It is said that he is doing fine in school.據(jù)說他在學(xué)校里表現(xiàn)很好。
It doesn't mater whether he comes or not.他來不來都沒有關(guān)系。
注意:先行詞it充當形式主語,構(gòu)成大量的常用句式。要注意計后謂語不同的形式,并譯成通順的漢語!
(1) It is a pity that...真可惜……,可惜的是……
It is a fact that...事實是……
It is a wonder that...這真是個奇跡
It is no wonder that...難怪……
(2)It is obvious(clear)that...很明顯……,很清楚……
It is strange that...奇怪的是……,……令人費解
(3) It so happened that...碰巧……,說來也巧……
It follows that...從而……,于是乎……,這樣一來……
It seems that...看來……
It appears that...看來……,似乎……
It turned out that... 原來……,結(jié)果……
It occurred to me that... 我突然想到……
(4) It was said that...據(jù)說……
It was reported that... 據(jù)報道……
It is believed that... 據(jù)認為,人們認為……
It is universally accepted that... 普遍認為
It was announced that... 據(jù)宣布
It is estimated that...據(jù)估計
It is to be noted that...值得注意的是……
It must be admitted that...必須承認
It can safely be said that...完全可以說……
It can thus be concluded that...由此可以得出結(jié)論……
(5)It doesn’t matter... ……是無關(guān)緊要的
It doesn't need to be bothered that...無須擔憂 .....
It makes no difference...……毫無二致
15.地理方位的表示法,學(xué)會如何正確地使用介詞in,to,on
(1) A地位于B地境內(nèi)以東(西、南北)
A lies/is in the east/west/south/north of B.
(2) A地位于B地境外以東(西、南、北)
A lies/is to the east/west/south/north of B.
(3) A地位于B地的東(西、南、北)部接壤
A lies/is on the east/west/south/north of B.
另外:lie on還表示“位于……畔”。
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國東部。
Guangzhou lies in the south of China. 廣州位于中國的南部。
Korea lies on the northeast of China. 朝鮮在中國東北。
14.Possession n.(U)所有;擁有(C)財產(chǎn);所有物(常用復(fù)數(shù))
[舉例] The possession of a passport is important for foreign travel.
去國外旅行需要護照。
She has valuable information in her possession. 她掌握了重要的信息。
He lost all his possessions in the fire. 他在火災(zāi)中損失了所有的財產(chǎn)。
[注意](習(xí)語)in possession of sth控制,占有,占據(jù)某物
take possession of sth占有(某物)
The old couple were in possession(took possession)“the house 30 years ago.
這兩老人30年前買下了這座房子。
[比較] possessions/goods/wealth
possessions作“財產(chǎn);所有物”講,常用復(fù)數(shù)。
goods“貨物;商品;財產(chǎn)”,復(fù)數(shù)名詞,無單數(shù)形式,不能與數(shù)詞連用,但可與many,these,those等詞連用,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
wealth“財產(chǎn);財富”,為不可數(shù)名詞。
[舉例] The goods were produced by a big factory in Shanghai
這些貨物是由上海一家大工廠生產(chǎn)的。
The king's wealth was too great to measure.國王的財富多得難以計算。
13.while conj.而
[用法]while作連詞,表對比,常譯為“而”;此時,不能同when互換。
[舉例](1)He is lazy,while his brother is diligent.他懶惰而他兄弟勤勉·.
(2)While you maybe right,I cannot altogether agree with you.
你也許是對的,可我不能同意你。
[注意] while作“當……的時候”講時表示一段時間,往往有自己的特殊意義,含有“趁著”之意。細讀下列句子,體會句中while與when意義的區(qū)別:
If you don’t work hard while you are young,you may regret when you are old. 少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。
12.compare比較
[搭配]:compare.., to...把......比作
compare., with...把......進行比較
[舉例](1) A beginner's painting can't be compared to that of an expert.
初學(xué)者的畫不能同專家的相比。
(2)If you compare her work with his,you,11 find hers is much better.
要是把他倆的工作比較一下,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)她好得多。
[注意](1)compared with(to)“和……比較”,常位于句首或句尾,作狀語。
Compared with(to)drivers in other countries,Americans think they’re good drivers.同其他國家司機相比,美國人認為它們是不錯的。
(2)compare notes(with sb)(習(xí)語)交換意見、觀點、看法
We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards.
我們各自看了那出戲,后來交換了意見。
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