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重慶市萬州第一中學(xué)初三2006-2007學(xué)年期中考試化學(xué)試卷

萬一中化學(xué)教研組:王茂峰(命題)

(化學(xué)試卷共分四個(gè)大題,滿分60分,考試時(shí)間48分鐘)

可能用到的相對原子質(zhì)量:H-1  C-12  N-14  O-16  S-32 P-31  Cu-64   Fe-56

試題詳情

專題  離子方程式的書寫及判斷正誤的方法

一、高考展望:

離子方程式的書寫及判斷正誤是歷年高考中必考的試題之一。主要以選擇題形式出現(xiàn)。重點(diǎn)考查客觀性原理、等電性原理、書寫規(guī)則和規(guī)范原則。不過,也要注意反應(yīng)物的物質(zhì)的量之間的關(guān)系,哪種反應(yīng)物過量的問題。從命題的內(nèi)容上看,存在以下四個(gè)特點(diǎn):

⑴所考查的化學(xué)反應(yīng)均為中學(xué)化學(xué)教材中的基本反應(yīng),錯(cuò)因大都屬于化學(xué)式能否拆分、電荷是否配平、產(chǎn)物是否合理和是否漏掉部分反應(yīng)等;

⑵所涉及的化學(xué)反應(yīng)類型以復(fù)分解反應(yīng)為主,溶液中氧化還原反應(yīng)所占比例較小。

⑶一些重要的離子反應(yīng)方程式,在歷年高考卷中多次重復(fù)。如:碳酸鹽與酸反應(yīng),Na與H2O 反應(yīng),金屬Al或Fe與鹽酸或稀硫酸的反應(yīng)等。

⑷根據(jù)信息或?qū)嶒?yàn)現(xiàn)象書寫離子方程式。這類題型多貫穿在實(shí)驗(yàn)或簡答題中。

、考點(diǎn)歸納:

1. 判斷離子方程式書寫正誤的方法:

看離子反應(yīng)是還符合客觀事實(shí),不事主觀臆造產(chǎn)物及反應(yīng)。

看“==” “” “↓ ” “↑”等是否正確。

看表示各物質(zhì)的化學(xué)式是否正確。如HCO3 不能寫成 CO32 +H+ ,HSO4 通常寫成SO42+H+ ,HCOO 不可寫成COOH ? 等。

看是否漏掉離子反應(yīng)。如Ba(OH)2 溶液與CuSO4 溶液反應(yīng),既要寫B(tài)a2+與SO42的離子反應(yīng),又要寫Cu2+與OH-的離子反應(yīng)。

看電荷是否守恒。如FeCl2 溶液與Cl2 溶液反應(yīng),不能寫成Fe2++Cl2 ==2Fe3++2Cl,應(yīng)寫成2Fe2++Cl2 ==2Fe3++2Cl-,同時(shí)兩邊的各原子數(shù)也應(yīng)相等。

看反應(yīng)物與產(chǎn)物的配比是否正確。如稀H2SO4 與Ba(OH)2 溶液反應(yīng)不能寫成 H++OH+SO42-+Ba2+==BaSO4↓+H2O ,應(yīng)寫成2H++2OH+SO42+Ba2+==BaSO4↓+2H2O 。

看是否符合題設(shè)條件及要求。如“過量” “少量” “等物質(zhì)的量” “適量” “任意量以” “滴加順序”對反應(yīng)方式或產(chǎn)物的影響。

2. 定量離子方程式的書寫方法:

書寫這類離子方程式時(shí),首先要搞清反應(yīng)物物質(zhì)的量之比,若沒告訴比例關(guān)系,則要弄清滴加順序。

開始滴加時(shí),滴管中的反應(yīng)物是不足量的,而錐形瓶(或燒杯等反應(yīng)容器)中反應(yīng)物過量。

①對于中和反應(yīng)來說:

若堿過量,中和產(chǎn)物為正鹽,

若酸或酸性氣體在與堿反應(yīng)時(shí)過量,可能生成酸式鹽(對多元酸來說)。

②在氧化還原反應(yīng)中:

若氧化劑過量,能被氧化的元素都將被氧化;

若氧化劑不足量,則還原性強(qiáng)的元素首先被氧化,就像Cl2和FeBr2溶液反應(yīng)那樣。

要具體情況具體分析,看清題意,再寫出符合題意的離子方程式。

1. ⑴將少量NaOH溶液滴入過量的Ca(HCO3)2溶液中;

⑵將Ca(HCO3)2溶液與 NaOH溶液以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量之比1∶1混合;

⑶將Ca(OH)2溶液與NaHCO3溶液以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量比1∶1混合;

⑷少量NaHCO3溶液滴加到過量的Ca(OH)2溶液中。

以上離子方程式均可用式來表示:   OH+Ca2++HCO3=CaCO3+H2O   

2. ⑴過量的NaOH溶液與Ca(HCO3)2溶液反應(yīng);

⑵NaOH溶液與Ca(HCO3)2溶液以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量之比2∶1反應(yīng);

⑶Ca(OH)2溶液與NaHCO3溶液以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量比1∶2反應(yīng);

⑷Ca(OH)2溶液與過量的NaHCO3溶液反應(yīng)。

其離子方程式均可用下式表示:2OH2HCO3Ca2+==CaCO3+2H2O+CO32  

3. ⑴氫氧化鋇和硫酸溶液反應(yīng)(物質(zhì)的量任意比);

⑵氫氧化鋇和硫酸氫鈉以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量之比1∶2反應(yīng);

―10―

⑶氫氧化鋇溶液與過量的硫酸氫鈉溶液反應(yīng)。

均可用式表示其離子反應(yīng):Ba2++ 2OH+2H++SO42==BaSO4+2H2O    

4. ⑴硫酸氫鈉溶液和氫氧化鋇溶液以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量比1∶1反應(yīng);

⑵NaHSO4溶液和過量的Ba(OH)2溶液反應(yīng)。

均用下式表示其離子反應(yīng):Ba2+H+OHSO42==BaSO4H2O    

5. ⑴CO2與NaOH溶液以反應(yīng)物物質(zhì)的量之比1∶2反應(yīng);

⑵CO2通入過量的NaOH溶液中。

均用式來表示其離子反應(yīng): CO22OH==CO32H2O    

請思考如下反應(yīng)的離子方程式應(yīng)如何表示:

過量CO2通入NaOH溶液中:  CO2+OH==HCO3    ;

CO2NaOH溶液以反應(yīng)物物質(zhì)的量之比11反應(yīng):  CO2+OH==HCO3  。

SO2NaOH溶液的反應(yīng)呢?

6. ⑴將少量鹽酸滴入NaAlO2溶液中;

⑵NaAlO2溶液與鹽酸以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量之比1∶1反應(yīng)。

均可用式表示其離子反應(yīng):  AlO2-+H+H2O==Al(OH)3    

7. ⑴將少量NaAlO2溶液滴入鹽酸溶液中;

⑵將NaAlO2溶液與鹽酸溶液以溶質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量之比1∶4反應(yīng)。

均用式表示其離子反應(yīng):  AlO2+ 4H+==Al3++2H2O   

請思考如下反應(yīng)的離子方程式應(yīng)如何表示:?

少量NaOH 溶液滴加到AlCl3溶液中:  3OH+Al3+==Al(OH)3    

NaOH溶液與AlCl3溶液以反應(yīng)物物質(zhì)的量之比31反應(yīng)(同上)。

8. ⑴將少量AlCl3溶液滴加到過量的NaOH溶液中;

⑵NaOH溶液與AlCl3溶液以反應(yīng)物物質(zhì)的量之比4∶1反應(yīng)。

均用式表示其離子反應(yīng):  4OHAl3+= AlO2+2H2O     

9. ⑴將CO2通入過量的NaAlO2溶液中;

⑵CO2與NaAlO2以1∶2的物質(zhì)的量比反應(yīng)(在溶液中)。

其離子方程式均可用式表示:CO2+2AlO2+3H2O==2Al(OH)3↓+CO32

請思考如下反應(yīng)的離子方程式應(yīng)如何表示:

⑴若將過量的CO2通入NaAlO2溶液中:  CO2+AlO2+2H2O==Al(OH)3+HCO3 

⑵CO2與NaAlO2以1∶1的物質(zhì)的量之比在溶液中反應(yīng)。(同上)

10. ⑴將少量CO2通入Na2SiO3溶液中;

⑵CO2與Na2SiO3以物質(zhì)的量之比1∶1反應(yīng)。

其離子方程式均可用下式表示:CO2SiO32-2H2O== H4SiO4CO32 

11. KAl(SO4)2溶液和Ba(OH)2溶液反應(yīng):

①若兩者物質(zhì)的量之比是12,則表示為:

_  Al3+2SO42-2Ba2+4OH-=2BaSO4+4AlO2-+2H2O  

②若兩者物質(zhì)的量之比是23,則表示為:

_  2Al3+3SO4+ 3Ba2+6OH-=2Al(OH)33BaSO4↓  

例12. 若將過量的Cl2通入FeBr2溶液中,其離子方程式為:

2Fe2++4Br+3Cl2=2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl     

若將少量的Cl2通入過量FeBr2溶液中,其離子方程式為:

Cl22Fe2+=2Fe3+2Cl     2Cl22Fe22Br==4Cl2Fe3Br2   。

強(qiáng)調(diào):書寫離子方程式時(shí)一定要注意如下十個(gè)“不要”:

①不要忽視反應(yīng)條件;                     ②不要忽視溶液的濃度;

③不要忽視方程式的電荷平衡;             ④不要忽視電解質(zhì)的強(qiáng)弱;

⑤不要忽視了電解質(zhì)的溶解性;             ⑥不要忽視了平衡理論;

⑦不要忽視難溶物溶解性大小的比較;       ⑧不要忽視反應(yīng)中的滴加次序;

⑨不要忽視方程式中系數(shù)的化簡,當(dāng)每一項(xiàng)都有公約數(shù)時(shí)才能化簡;

⑩不要忽視反應(yīng)中量的關(guān)系,不足量的反應(yīng)物應(yīng)按化學(xué)式中比例關(guān)系參加反應(yīng)。

 

 

 

―11―

、考點(diǎn)強(qiáng)訓(xùn)

試題詳情

2006――2007學(xué)年高二下期期末調(diào)研試卷

語文

濟(jì)源三中  梁存周

注意事項(xiàng):

1.答卷前,考生請鉛筆或圓珠筆將自己的姓名和考號填寫在規(guī)定的位置。

2.選擇題答在答題卡很,非選擇題直接答在試卷上。

第Ⅰ卷

試題詳情

高考語文語言表達(dá)題解題指導(dǎo)

河南省濟(jì)源市第三中學(xué)   梁存周

 

語言表達(dá)題作為高考的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),以其形式多樣,題型靈活,而倍受青睞。它主要測試考點(diǎn)包括:病句、語句銜接,語言表述簡明連貫得體、句式變換、仿寫、篩選信息重組信息及應(yīng)用文體寫作幾大項(xiàng),而且多集中在第六大題。一般賦分在15分以上,由于考點(diǎn)多且零碎繁瑣,頭緒繁雜,復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)考時(shí)難度較大,因此掌握一些做題方法或技巧再有所側(cè)重很有必要,也能收到事半功倍的效果。

綜觀近幾年的全國高考試題,命題人的意圖很明顯,我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)備:

1、信息篩選重組

主要題型為:擬制新聞標(biāo)題、概括文段內(nèi)容(含壓縮語段)、提煉關(guān)鍵詞等。

做這類題一般應(yīng)原則是,抓中心語,關(guān)鍵字。因?yàn)闊o論什么樣的文段,都有一個(gè)中心句(中心句的位置有的在文段的開頭,用來總領(lǐng)全文;有的在文段的結(jié)尾,用來總結(jié)全文;有的在文段中間,用來承上啟下。)來涵蓋全段的內(nèi)容,一則短新聞的標(biāo)題也要求涵蓋文段內(nèi)容,把它提取出來就可以做新聞的標(biāo)題;相應(yīng)的提煉關(guān)鍵詞,就更簡單了把可作為標(biāo)題的幾個(gè)相關(guān)詞素提取出來作為關(guān)鍵詞就完成了;概括文段內(nèi)容的題則相對較復(fù)雜些,不僅要提煉中心句,還要求對文中重要信息全部提取,進(jìn)行信息的重組。做到這一點(diǎn)得分率達(dá)到75%是沒有問題的。

例:將下面一段話壓縮為一句話,表明作者的主張。(不超過22個(gè)字)

我絕不反對傾向詩本身。悲劇之父埃斯庫羅斯和喜劇之父阿里斯托芬都是有起來強(qiáng)烈傾向的詩人,但丁和塞萬提斯也不遜色;而席勒的《陰謀與愛情》的主要價(jià)值就在于它是德國第一部有政治傾向的戲劇,F(xiàn)代的那些寫出優(yōu)秀小說的俄國人和挪威人全是有傾向的作家。可是我認(rèn)為傾向應(yīng)當(dāng)從場面和情節(jié)中自然而然地流露出來,而不應(yīng)當(dāng)特別把他指點(diǎn)出來,同時(shí)我認(rèn)為作家不必要把他所描寫的社會沖突的歷史和未來的解決辦法硬塞給讀者。

解析:該語段的中心句為“我絕不反對傾向詩本身”,但并不明晰,而最后一句“可是我認(rèn)為傾向應(yīng)當(dāng)從場面和情節(jié)中自然而然地流露出來,而不應(yīng)當(dāng)特別把他指點(diǎn)出來,同時(shí)我認(rèn)為作家不必要把他所描寫的社會沖突的歷史和未來的解決辦法硬塞給讀者”正是這個(gè)中心句的補(bǔ)充和詳細(xì)陳述,但由于字?jǐn)?shù)的限制及“傾向”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的制約,中心句的解說應(yīng)再進(jìn)一步壓縮成“可是我認(rèn)為傾向應(yīng)當(dāng)從場面和情節(jié)中自然而然地流露出來”。至于傾向,則可以從下面舉的實(shí)例中看出來“文學(xué)作品”

這個(gè)語段應(yīng)壓縮的最后答案就為:文學(xué)作品的傾向應(yīng)當(dāng)從場面和情節(jié)中流露出來。

2、句式變換

主要題型為:一是常式句與變式句的轉(zhuǎn)換,二是長句與短句的轉(zhuǎn)換(或單句與復(fù)句的轉(zhuǎn)換)

1常式句變換變式句,這類題型相對簡單,主要表現(xiàn)為:肯定句變雙重否定定句,或設(shè)問句或反問句。而變式句變常式句沒有考過。做這類題的關(guān)鍵在于弄清一個(gè)概念,變式句因強(qiáng)調(diào)而改變常見的結(jié)構(gòu)形式才成為變式句,這時(shí)我們就可以根據(jù)題目的要求,把要強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容提前就成了?隙ň渥冸p重否定句必須注意的是雙重否定,這樣的句子變成后,要看句的否定詞是否成雙成對,如果不是需要刪去或添加一個(gè);變設(shè)問句則必須選準(zhǔn)設(shè)置問題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),才能準(zhǔn)確設(shè)置答案;變反問句則只須在句尾加上表示反問的小問句,必須提醒的是,要表示肯定的必須在句尾表示否定的小問句;若要表示否定則必須在句尾加上表示肯定的小問句;反問句的答案在問題的反面。

2長短句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,要弄明白一個(gè)要領(lǐng),所謂長句實(shí)際就是長單句,所謂短句實(shí)際就是一個(gè)復(fù)句。長變短相對而言較簡單,提煉出句子的主干成分組成一個(gè)知句,其余的附加成分按照要求變成一個(gè)個(gè)的短句;短變長則相對較為復(fù)雜些,要求學(xué)生要樹立全局意識,通讀這幾個(gè)句子,找出其表意的中心句作為句子的主干成分,其余的小句子或變?yōu)槎ㄕZ或變?yōu)闋钫Z(補(bǔ)語沒有出現(xiàn)過這類題型)

如2001年秋季:把下面的長句改成較短的句子,使意思表達(dá)得更為清楚。(不得改變原意,可以添加必要的詞語)(2分)

現(xiàn)在許多國家都已經(jīng)能夠生產(chǎn)可以獨(dú)立操作機(jī)床、可以在病房細(xì)心照料病人、可以在危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域進(jìn)行作業(yè)的機(jī)器人。

我們就可以提煉出主干成分“現(xiàn)在許多國家都已經(jīng)能夠生產(chǎn)機(jī)器人”作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的短句,而附加成分“以獨(dú)立操作機(jī)床、可以在病房細(xì)心照料病人、可以在危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域進(jìn)行作業(yè)”(機(jī)器人的定語),可以分別轉(zhuǎn)化成三個(gè)獨(dú)立的短句,只是前面需要賦予它主語“這些機(jī)器人”即“這些機(jī)器人可以獨(dú)立操作機(jī)床,這些機(jī)器人可以在病房細(xì)心照料病人,這些機(jī)器人可以在危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域進(jìn)行作業(yè)!

至于短句變長句,則反其道而行之。

3、仿寫和句式選用

1仿寫:一般是給定句式再要求仿照這個(gè)句子,或另選詞語或提出要求再寫出一個(gè)句子。這些限制有的較明顯,有的較隱含,但無論怎樣考一般都不超出兩個(gè)要點(diǎn),一是句式,二是修辭(最經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的是:比喻、擬人、雙關(guān)、對偶、對比、排比)。

這樣要求我們在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí),側(cè)重于對句式的解讀,弄清句式的特點(diǎn),主謂式還是動賓式,或是其他形式一定要弄準(zhǔn)確,這樣才能指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行仿寫;然后,對比喻、擬人、雙關(guān)、對偶、對比、排比等修辭方法重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的運(yùn)用能力;并提醒學(xué)生做題時(shí)認(rèn)真讀題讀準(zhǔn)題目的明顯要求和隱含要求。

2句式選用:前幾年的試題一般出現(xiàn)在第一卷的選擇題中,近幾年現(xiàn)出在了第六大題。

05年全國卷二:把下列句子填在后面的橫線上,組成前后銜接的一段話。(只填句子的序號)(3分)

①它們好像在外面等候了多時(shí)。

②在這里看星星,星星在你眼前亮起,一直亮到腦后。

③滿天的星星肅然排列,迎面注視著你。

午夜走出帳篷,我被眼前的景象驚呆了。                      、          你仿佛把頭伸進(jìn)一座古鐘里面,內(nèi)里嵌滿活生生的星星。我頓時(shí)明白了《敕勒歌》中為什么有“天似穹廬”的句子。

這類題目應(yīng)該聯(lián)系前后文,一般照顧三個(gè)致性:陳述對象的一致性(一個(gè)完整的句子一般只有一個(gè)陳述對象即主語,而且前后保持不變),句式的一致性(句式前后統(tǒng)一才能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱整齊美觀,讀起來瑯瑯上口),邏輯關(guān)系的一致性(主要表現(xiàn)為:空間方位、時(shí)間先后,句間關(guān)系、觀察順序等)。由待選項(xiàng)來看,前兩個(gè)一致性基本可以否定,只能用后一項(xiàng),邏輯關(guān)系一致性。我們先看①②③句的關(guān)系,①中“它們”作為代詞主語,顯然不能在本句中找,而應(yīng)在中,于是指代的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該是②③星星,因此它不能放在②③前。那么處理好②③的關(guān)系就大功告成了,我們來分析一下,③“滿天的星星肅然排列”是看到的景象即句子中的“眼前景象”,因此它應(yīng)該銜接前文也就是說③只能放在②的前面。于是答案就是③②①

4、應(yīng)用文體

常見的文體包括:啟事、請諫、合同(契約)、對聯(lián)、短信、廣告詞等,這類文體一般要求篇幅矮小精悍,語言精練。這項(xiàng)考查的內(nèi)容一是文體格式,二是語言得體即謙敬辭的運(yùn)用,三是即修辭,主要是對偶或諧音(特指對聯(lián)、短信和廣告詞)。

這要求老師在平時(shí)注意給學(xué)生講清楚必要的文體格式知識,內(nèi)容上要給學(xué)生講清楚不能少掉任何一項(xiàng)。尤其對聯(lián)則要求給學(xué)生講清楚上述內(nèi)容的同時(shí),提醒學(xué)生注意對偶這種修辭格式,短信和廣告詞則需要重點(diǎn)講清楚諧音修辭格式。

5、句式擴(kuò)展

這類題主要表現(xiàn)為:給定情景,再按情景擴(kuò)展其內(nèi)容,解法要領(lǐng)為:根據(jù)情景添枝加葉;或加定語或加狀語或補(bǔ)語,視情況而定,一般原則是哪項(xiàng)薄弱加那項(xiàng);而把握情景和隱含要求是重點(diǎn)也是難點(diǎn)。

例:擴(kuò)展下面語句,使之具體、生動,字?jǐn)?shù)要在70個(gè)左右。

琴聲吸引了許多路人駐足傾聽。

解析:本題中,情景是隱含的:既然路人都“駐足傾聽”,可見琴聲的動人之處。而“琴聲”相對較薄弱,應(yīng)作為擴(kuò)展的重點(diǎn),需要為它添加枝葉即詳細(xì)描繪。因?yàn)橛凶謹(jǐn)?shù)的要求,我們可以考慮全方位添加,即定狀補(bǔ)等附加成分均要添加,這樣才能達(dá)到70個(gè)字左右的要求。

試題詳情

江蘇省石莊高級中學(xué)

2008屆高三第一次考試

英 語 試 卷

 

第Ⅰ卷

本試卷共分為第I卷(選擇題)和第II卷(非選擇題)兩部分;第I卷滿分85分,第II卷滿分35分,全卷滿分120分。

 

第一部分:聽力(共20題,每小題1分,滿分20分)

第一節(jié) (共5小題;每小題1分,滿分5分)

聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對話后,你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。

1. What is the woman going to do?

    A. Buy a gift for the man.     B. Attend a birthday party.    C. Choose shoes for herself.

2. What is the price of the chair?

    A. $15.                             B. $50                              C. $65

3. Where was the woman waiting for the man?

    A. On the train.                 B. On the platform.            C. At the information desk.

4. How does the man prefer to go work?

    A. By car.                         B. By bus.                        C. On foot

5. Why must the man go to the bank?

    A. He wants to save some money.

    B. He needs some money for the business.

    C. He has to get traveller’s cheques there.

第二節(jié)(共15小題:每小題1分,共15分)

聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾道小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng),并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前,你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,每小題5秒鐘;聽完后,各小題將給出5秒鐘的做答時(shí)間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。

聽下面一段材料,回答第6至7題。

6. Why does the man has to ask the way?

A. He is new in the city.

B. He feels sick at the moment.

C. He has a poor sense of direction.

 

7. What does we know about the woman?

A. She moves about in the city a lot.

B. She knows nothing about the city.

C. She has been in the city for a year.

聽下面一段材料,回答第8至10題。

8. Where does this conversation take place?

A. At a travel office.             B. At a large hotel.               C. At a railway station.

9. What will the woman have enough time to do on the evening of the fifth?

A. Sees the sight of New York.

B. Attend a theatre performance.

C. Shop for what she needs on the train.

2,4,6

A. On the morning of the 3rd.

B. On the evening of the 3rd.

C. On the evening of the 5th.

聽下面一段材料,回答第11至13題。

11. What season is it now?

A. It’s spring.                      B. It’s autumn.                     C. It’s winter.

12. What do we know about the woman?

A. She likes sports.               B. She hates cold weather.     C. She never does housework.

13. What is the weather now?

A. It’s cloudy.                      B. It’s sunny.                       C. It’s snowy.

聽下面一段材料,回答第14至16題。

14. What is the relationship between the two speakers?

A. Father and daughter.         B. Master and servant.          C. Husband and wife.

15. When does this conversation take place?

A. In the morning.               B. In the afternoon.             C. In the evening.

16. What does the woman think of her life?

A. It’s hard and eventful.      B. It’s boring and dull.          C. It’s busy and colorful.

聽下面一段材料,回答第17至20題。

17. Where does the speaker’s voice come from?

A. A cinema.                        B. A car park.                      C. An answerphone.

18. When will the Italian film be on next week?

A. From Monday to Thursday.

B. From Monday to Friday.

C. From Monday to Sunday.

19. When will a student probably go to the cinema if he wants the cheaper ticket?

A. On Monday.                    B. On Wednesday.                C. On Friday.

 

20. What can we learn from the talk?

A. A student ticket is half the price.

B. The cinema has a car park of its own.

C. Further information can be gained about the film.

第二部分:英語知識運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié),滿分35分)

第一節(jié): 單項(xiàng)填空(共15小題;每小題1分,滿分15分)

       從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

21. ----My children are always arguing.

---- ____

    A. Are you sure?       B. That's all right.     C. Just ignore them. D. How old are the boys?

22. Gorge couldn’t remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _____ Sunday because everybody was at _______ church.

A. /; the                  B. the; /                    C. a; /                       D. /;

23.       , we’ll go on an outing tomorrow.

A. Weather permits                                  B. If weather will permit

C. Weather permitted                               D. Weather permitting  

24. He tried his best to solve the problem,          difficult it was.

A. no matter            B. however             C. whatever            D. although

25. In a(n)        between management and unions, a 4% pay rise was agreed in return for an increase in production.

       A. preference         B. compromise       C. occasion            D. interaction

26. She is well-known ____ her poems and she is also famous ____ an actress.
A. for; for              B. as; for                C. for; as                D. by; for

27. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream.

    A. which                   B. that                      C. where                   D. it

28. The play had already been on for quite some time when we ____ at the New Theatre.

    A. have arrived     B. arrived             C. had arrived        D. arrive

29.---- What do you think we can do for our aged parents?

---- You ________ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.

A. mustn’t                B. oughtn’t to            C. don’t have to         D. can’t

30. Europeans ________ the main population of America. They can express themselves freely in English.

    A. make out          B. make up          C. make for        D. make  in

31. The suggestion came from the chairman       the new rule         adopted.

A. that, be                                            B. whether , would be   

C. that, would be                                   D. whether, be

32. Properly         with numbers, the books can be easily found.

A. marked       B. mark                  C. to mark           D. marking

33. Rugao is       beautiful city in summer.

       A. the most        B. a more              C. a most              D. the more

34.The father is        with a big family and has eight people to support.

       A. burst                B. bother              C. bored                D. burdened

35. It _____ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ____ I found we had a lot in common.

A. was until; when                                   B. was until; that    

C. wasn’t until; when                             D. wasn’t until; that

第二節(jié):完形填空(共20小題;每小題1分,滿分20分)             

       閱讀下面短文,從短文后所給各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

In the city of Fujisawa, Japan, lives a woman named Atsuko Saeki When she was a teenager, she 36  of going to the United States. Most of what she knew about American 37 was from the textbooks she had read. "I had a 38  in mind: Daddy  watching TV  in  the  living  room, Mummy  39  cakes and their teenage daughter off to the cinema with her boyfriend."

     Atsuko arranged to  40 college in California. When she arrived, however, she found it was not her  41  world."People were struggling with problems and often seemed   42  ," she said. "I felt very alone." One of her hardest  43  was physical education. "We played volleyball." she said," the other students were   44  it, but I wasn't."

     One afternoon, the instructor asked Atsuko to   45   the ball to her teammates so they could knock it  46  the net. NO problem for most people, but it terrified Atsuko. She was afraid of losing face  47 she failed.  A young man on her team  48 what she was going through. He walked up to me and  49 , “Come on. You can do that.”

    "You will never understand how those words of  50 made me feel. Four words: You can do that I felt like crying with happiness." She made it through the class. Perhaps she thanked the young man; she is not  51 .

    Six years have passed. Atsuko is back in Japan, working as a salesclerk. "I have  52  forgotten the words." she said. "When things are not going so well, I think of them."

    She is sure the young man had no idea how much his kindness   53  to her.  "He probably doesn't even remember it," she said. That may be the lesson. Whenever you say something to a person cruel or kind---you have no idea how long the words will  54. She's all the way over in Japan, but still she hears those four  55  words: You can do that.

36. A. learned                  B. spoke                   C. dreamed               D. heard

37. A. way                      B. life                    C. education              D. spirit

38. A. photo                    B. painting               C. picture                 D. drawing

39. A. baking                   B. frying                  C. steaming              D. boiling

40. A. join                       B. attend                  C. take part in           D. join in

41. A. described             B. imagined         C. created                 D. discovered

42. A. tense                     B. cheerful               C. relaxed                D. deserted

43. A. times                     B. question               C. classes                 D. projects.

44. A. curious about        B. good at            C. slow at           D. nervous about

45. A. kick                     B. pass                   C. carry                   D. hit

46. A. through                 B. into                    C. over                    D. past

2,4,6

48. A. believed            B. considered           C. wondered         D. sensed

49. A. warned             B. sighed                 C. ordered           D. whispered

50. A. excitement         B. encouragement      C. persuasion                                D. suggestion

51. A. interested           B. doubtful            C. puzzled         D. sure

52. A. never                   B. already          C. seldom               D. almost

53. A. happened            B. applied           C. seemed           D. meant

54. A. continue             B. stay              C. exist                   D. live

55. A. merciful            B. bitter               C. simple             D. easy

第三部分:閱讀理解(共20小題;每小題1.5分,滿分30分)

閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

A

       The first chocolate was eaten by people in South America hundreds of years ago. In those days, the people did not really eat chocolate. They used the cocoa bean (可可豆) to make a chocolate drink and they enjoyed it very much. Many years later, the cocoa bean was brought to other countries and people came to love the taste of chocolate.

       In 1824, John Cadbury opened a small shop in Britain. One of the things he sold was chocolate drink. In 1831, he opened a factory to make chocolate drink. He wanted to encourage people to drink chocolate instead of other drinks. A few years later, a man called Joseph Fry found a way to make chocolate instead of only drinking it. But at that time chocolate was very expensive and only the rich people could buy it. Later, ad more and more chocolate bars were produced and sold, it became cheaper.

       However, at first only plain chocolate (a kind of chocolate without milk and with very little sugar) was produced. Milk chocolate came later and this was made by adding milk to the chocolate. The first milk chocolate bar was made in Cadbury’s factory in 1897. Their most famous chocolate, Cadbury’s Milk Bar, was made in 1905, It has been the most popular chocolate in Britain and around the world for over 100 years. The Cadbury factory is still in Britain and the chocolate produced there is eaten all over the world. Every year, thousands of visitors visit the factory in order to see how chocolate is made.

56. Hundreds of years ago, people first began to drink chocolate in            .

       A. South America      B. South Africa         C. Britain                  D. Australia

57. John Cadbury opened  a factory to make chocolate drink in           .

       A.1824                     B.1831                     C.1897                     D.1905

58. People had the chance to eat chocolate instead of drinking it for the first time        .

    A. when chocolate was cheaper

    B. when more and more chocolate was produced

    C. when John Cadbury started to make chocolate drink

    D. when Joseph Fry found a way to make chocolate bars.

59. At first, not many people bought chocolate         .

    A. because it was very expensive

    B. because people didn’t like the taste

    C. because they wanted to have other drinks

    D. because there was no chocolate sold in the shops

B

What should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others. These may show strengths that you can use in your work. A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career. A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work. So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school. On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard. Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value. Knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details. This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs.

Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work. You may be good at metal work or cookery(烹飪術(shù)) and look for a job where you can improve these skills.

If you have had a part time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it. If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers. You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example. Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job.

Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself. You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures. It is better to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist. Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background. You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.

60. Which of the following best sums up the first paragraph?

  A. The importance of doing well at school.

  B. Using school performance to help to choose a career.

  C. The importance of being good at all subjects.

  D. The indirect value of schoolwork.

61.The writer thinks that for a student to have a part time job is probably   .

  A. a waste of time that could have been spent on study

  B. useful for his future work

  C. a good way to master what is learned in books

  D. a good way to find out his weak points

 

62. According to the passage, if a student’s school record is not good, he   .

  A. will be a complete failure in his future work

  B. will not be able to find a suitable job

  C. will regret not having worked harder at school

  D. may still do well in his future work

63.The whole passage centers on   .

  A. choosing a career according to what one is skilled in

  B. acquiring knowledge by working hard at school

  C. finding one’s strong and weak points

  D. developing one’s abilities useful in school work

                                      C

NANNING

Motor wreck(失事)

Eighteen people died and 16 were injured yesterday when a farm vehicle left a mountain road and plunged(沖入) 100 metres into a valley. The accident happened in Fengshan county, in South China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Police said 17 people, including the driver, died instantly and another died on the way to hospital. Fifteen of the injured passengers are in serious condition.

BEIJING

New library

A new library named after Hong Kong industrialist Xu Rongmao opened yesterday at the Beijing Chemical University. Xu donated(捐款) 5 million yuan (US $604 594) for the building of the Rongmao Library, which covers 8000 square metres.

Xu’s Overseas Investment Group has also donated US $1.21 million to set up an education fund(基金) for the university.

BEIJING

Empty tomb

A live broadcast of the opening of the ancient Laoshan Tomb of the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) was cancelled(取消) when the tomb was confirmed(證實(shí)) to be empty. Experts believe that most of the relics in the tomb has been taken by grave robbers. A previous live show of digging part of the tomb attracted a large audience, but few cultural relics were found. That the television stations had not been ready for the live show around September 20 also was a reason for the cancellation, officials said.

64. These items of news belong to      section in a newspaper.

A. News In Brief                               B. International Affairs

C. Weather Report                              D. Advertisement

65. How many passengers died instantly when the motor accident happened?

A. 18.                    B.17.                   C.16.                   D.34.

 

66. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “previous”?

A. Expensive in value.                          B. Large in size.

C. Proper in order.                             D. Early in time.

67. How much has Xu’s Overseas Investment Group donated to set up an education fund for the university?

  A. About 10 million yuan.                          B. About 11 million yuan.

  C. About 8 million yuan.                            D. About 5 million yuan.

D

I have been very lucky to have won the Nobel Prize twice. It is, of course, very exciting to have such an important recognition of my work, but the real pleasure was in the work itself. Scientific research is like an exploration of a voyage of discovery. You are continually trying out new things that have not been done before. Many of them will lead nowhere and you have to try something different, but sometimes an experiment does work and tells you something new and that it really exciting. However small the new finding may be it is great to think “I am the only person who knows this” and then you will have the fun of thinking what this finding will lead to and of deciding what will be the next experiment. One of the best things about scientific research is that you are always doing something different and it is never boring. There are good times when things go well and bad times when they don’t. Some people get discouraged at the difficult times but when I have a failure my policy has always been not to worry but to start planning the next experiment, which is always fun.

It is very exciting to make a new discovery. Some people will do the strangest things for this excitement, such as going round the world in a balloon or walking to the North Pole. There are not many new places to explore but there is a lot of new information to be discovered in science and a journey into this unknown area can be much more worthwhile and just as exciting.

I am sometimes asked,“What do I have to do to win a Nobel Prize?” My answer is “I don’t know. I have never tried”.But I know of one way not to win one. There are some people whose main reason for doing science is to win prizes and are always thinking about how to do it. Such people don’t succeed. To do good science you must be interested in it and enjoy doing experiments and thinking out problems. And, of course, you must be prepared to work hard and not to be too discouraged by failures.

68. In the author’s eyes his greatest pleasure in all his lifetime is_______.

  A. to win the Noble Prize for the first time

  B. to be awarded the Noble Prize for the second time

  C. in the work itself

  D. to have a much more important recognition of his work

69. What would the writer do when he had a failure?

  A. He would forget about this failure and start the next experiment.

  B. He used to be worried about it for several days and never forget it.

  C. He always gave up his study as the result of the failure.

  D. He used to continue his study and then to do it again.

70. What should you have to do in order to do well in your scientific study?

  A. You must carry out the experiments again and again, and you ought to enjoy doing them.

  B. You must be interested in your study and be always thinking out your problems all the time.

  C. You will have to be prepared to work hard and not to be discouraged by failures.

  D. All the above.

71. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

  A. The author could still keep calm when he heard the news that he had won the Nobel Prize.

  B. The writer always gave up his courage when he met with some difficulties in the course of

    his scientific research.

  C. In the field of science there are still many new things which need to be studied further.

  D. There are still many new exciting places to explore in the world.

E

D day is a term(術(shù)語) used to stand for the starting day of a campaign or planned series(一系列) of actions. When the secret starting date is unknown, secret or subject to change, D day is the reference point which helps planners arrange every step of campaign. For example, the day before D day is D-1;the day after:D+1,D+2 and so on.

The letter D here stands for Day, so D day actually means Day day. More commonly the term has a military usage(軍事慣用法).In fact, it came into being during the First World War, but it was during the Second that D day got its common usage.

The beginning of the end of the Second World War was the allied landing of Europe, and D day was its starting date. After months of careful planning, the exact day was fixed on June 5,1944.Because of impossible weather conditions, at the minute the landing was put off until the following day.

72.If a man-made satellite is planned to launch on August 1st,but for some reason, it is launched on July 29th,then according to the passage, the day is     .

A. D-2               B. D-3               C. D+2               D. D+3

73. The allied landing of Europe     .

A. brought the Second World War to an end  B. took place on the day D-1

C. started the Second World War                  D. was the end of the Second World War

74. Why was the landing of Europe put off in the Second World War?

A. Because it had been carelessly planned.

B. Because it was fine that day.

C. Because it wasn’t fit for attacking that day.

D. Because it was raining that day.

75. Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the passage?

A.D day is a term used only in a campaign.

B.D day is helpful for people to plan something.

C. In fact, the term D day is June 5,not June 6.

D. June 1st, Children Day can be called D day.

 

2,4,6

第四部分:寫作(共兩節(jié),滿分35分)

第一節(jié):對話填空 (共10小題;每小題1分,滿分10分)

請認(rèn)真閱讀下列對話,并根據(jù)各題所給的首字母的提示,在答題卡右欄中標(biāo)有題目的橫線上,寫出一個(gè)英語單詞的完整、正確的形式,使對話通順。

2,4,6

B: Hi, Sue. I’m waiting to check in. Are you f  76   to New York, too?

A: No, I’ve come to see Michael o 77    . I want to have a talk with him b 78    he leaves.

B: But it’s about time to c  79    in.

A: Yes. I’m a bit worried. I don’t know what’s wrong with him. Why hasn’t he t 80    up even at this minute?

B: You know, he never worries about a 81    .

A: Sometimes he seems a bit strange, doesn’t he? But he looks like a very efficient man. He never lets you down at work.

B. Oh, come on. Sue! Some people say w 82    we need him most, he is n 83    to be found.

A: Really? But it seems to me that he’s a busy guy, and an important person for the company. That’s why I a  84    him.

B: But he strikes me as an unreliable person.

A: Unreliable? Um… Oh, that sounds interesting.

B: Ah, there he comes. I see him r  85   this way.

  

76 ______________

 

77______________

78______________

79______________

 

80______________

81______________

 

 

82______________

83______________

 

84______________

 

 

85_______________                     

第二節(jié)   書面表達(dá)(滿分25分)

在談?wù)撘粋(gè)國家時(shí),人們常常會說到它具有代表性的文化。中國有很多的歷史遺跡。其中,最具代表性的莫過于長城了。請根據(jù)以下以下所給要點(diǎn)的提示,寫一篇關(guān)于中國長城的短文。

要點(diǎn):1.介紹長城及其歷史;2.長城在國內(nèi)外的影響;3.對長城的認(rèn)識和保護(hù)

注意:1.不要逐句翻譯,可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,使文章連貫。2.詞數(shù):120左右。3.開頭已給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

People often associate a country with some famous aspects of its culture.

China is home to many historic sites, of which the Great Wall can best represent the architecture and culture of that time. 

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      2,4,6

      (Text1)

      W: I wish you’d come shopping with me this Saturday.

        2,4,6

        W: Well, it’s difficult to buy a new pair of shoes for your birthday without your feet being present.

        (text2)

        M: I thought that the chair cost 50 dollars.

        W: It used to, but the price has gone up 15 dollars.

        M: Well, that’s more than I can afford, I’m afraid.

        (text3)

        M: Where have you been all this morning? The train is about to leave.

        W: Sorry I’m late, but I was waiting for you at the information desk upstairs. It’s lucky I thought of looking for you here on the platform.

        (text4)

        W: If I were you, I’d take bus to work. Driving in that rush hour traffic is terrible.

        M: But, you know, by the time the bus gets to my stop, there aren’t any seats left. What’s more, I have to walk for 10 minutes to get to the bus stop.

        (text5)

        W: Hey! What’s the rush?

        M: The bank closes in half an hour and I’m badly in need of money.

        W: Oh, I can lend you some.

        M: Actually, I want to buy some traveller’s cheques; I’m going on a trip this weekend.

        (text6)

        M: Excuse me. Could you tell me which way Dobson’s bookstore is?

        W: Yes, it’s that way. Go two blocks, and then turn left. It’s  on the corner opposite the post office.

        M: Thanks. I’ve been in the city for a few years, so I really don’t know my way around yet.

        W; Oh, I know how you feel. We moved here a year ago, and I still don’t know where everything is.

        (text7)

        M: Can I help you?

        W: Yes. I’m going on a tour in New York.

        M: Well, let me see… it’s two nights in the hotel, but there are five days altogether.

        W: I see. I arrive early on the third and leave at 10:30 p.m. on the fifth.

        M: That’s great. AS you see, you should be looked through to Chicago on the fifth. So it really is a full day on the fifth. Plenty of time for shopping and sightseeing . You’ll even have enough time for a show in the evening because the train station is near the theater.

        W: I think that’ll work out fine. I hope I’ll be able to sleep on the train.

        M: Believe me, it’ll be an interesting experience to ride on the train.

        (text8)

        W: The temperature hasn’t got above five degrees centigrade for three weeks, and it’s supposed to snow again tonight. We have to clear the snow off the steps. This is not beautiful!

        M: I don’t mind the extra work. For me, it’s worthwhile to be able to experience the fresh air. And you know how I love skiing, ice-skating and …

        W: I know, and I’m glad you’re having fun. It’s just that I’m tired of being cold. I wish spring were here.

        M: Well, I agree that winter does seem long when we get to January.

        W: It seemed long to me in November.

        M: It doesn’t look nice today. There’s no sign of fun. Look, the sky over there in the west is getting dark.

        (text9)

        M: What’s the matter?

        W: It’s just life. It’s all right for you. You’ll leave the house in five minutes. I’ll be there all day. You won’t come back till seven o’clock.

        M: One of us must go to work, dear.

        W: Yes, but your day is interesting. My day is the same every day.

        M: My work isn’t always interesting.

        W: I know, but you travel around, you meet different people and you do different things. Who will I meet today? What will I do? Er? I’ll wash up, feed the baby, do the washing, clean the house, bathe the baby, take the dog for a walk…

        M: But …but…

        W: Then I’ll go to the supermarket, prepare dinner, meet you at the station, have dinner, wash up again…

        M: But…

        W: Then I’ll feed the baby again, put the baby to bed…What a life! Today, tomorrow, this week, next week, this month, next year…forever.

        (text10)

        W: Thank you for calling  the North London Arts Cinema, Wood Green. There is no one to answer your call at the moment. the North London Arts Cinema is open seven days a week, showing a variety of British and foreign films. Next week we will show an Italian film called Midnight Meeting. It is set in Milan in the 1950s. You can see that film from Monday to Thursday. It will be on twice a day in the evening. That’s at 6:45 and 9:15. The film lasts 2 hours and 15 minutes. Tickets are £4, but there is a special student ticket at £2.80 for all our midweek films. Please bring your student card if you want the cheaper ticket. The nearest car park to the cinema is in Hauxtin Street. That’s H-A-U-X-T-I-N. It’s just five minutes’ walk from the cinema.

        Thank you for calling the North London Arts Cinema. If you require further information,  phone during office hours―9:00a.m. to 4:30p.m. Monday to Friday

         

        聽力測試  1-5 ACCAC     6-10 CCABC  11-15 CBACA  16-20 BCABC

        單項(xiàng)填空21-25 CCDBB    26-30 CABCB  31-35 AACDD

        完形填空36-40 CBCAB   41 -45 BACBD  46-50 CBDDB  51-55 DADBC

        閱讀理解56-60 ABDAB   61-65  BDAAC  66-70 DACAD  71-75 CBACB

        對話填空76. flying     77. off     78. before    79. check    80. turned 

        81. anything  82. when   83. nowhere  84. admire    85. running

        書面表達(dá)

        People often associate a country with some famous aspects of its culture. China is home to many historic sites, of which the Great Wall can best represent the architecture and culture of that time.

         The Great Wall dates back to two thousand years ago, when the emperors  built long great walls to defend their countries. Since China opened to the world, it has attracted millions of tourists at home and abroad, which is beneficial to China’s development. But it also has some bad effect on the Great Wall. Many parts are being damaged by increasing numbers of tourists.

         As a result, the government has begun the enterprise of protecting these historic sites. A great deal of money has been collected to restore it. At the same time, it is also our duty to treasure and protect the monument of the Chinese people.

         

        試題詳情

        黃岡中學(xué)、啟黃初中2007屆上學(xué)期期末三校聯(lián)考

        語文試題

        (時(shí)間:120分鐘,滿分:120分)

        命題:  陶秀琪     鄧伏黃

        校對人:陶秀琪     鄧伏黃

        審稿人:陶秀琪

        試題詳情

        高中語文第五冊古詩文測試題

        說明:時(shí)間:150分鐘       滿分:150分

        識記和理解

        試題詳情

        北京市海淀區(qū)2007年高三年級第一學(xué)期期末練習(xí)

        語    文

        2007.1

        第Ⅰ卷(選擇題,共30分)

        試題詳情

        高中政治高考復(fù)習(xí)―― 高考要點(diǎn)   

        李俊龍  2007.8

        【經(jīng)濟(jì)】第一課  商品和商品經(jīng)濟(jì)

        第一節(jié)  商品

        1商品和商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的含義

        ★。保唐返暮x(即:物品成為商品的條件):①     、

                部分特殊商品:____________________

        ★ 2.商品生產(chǎn)的含義:

         。常唐方(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的根本原因:

        4.商品經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的條件:①     、

        ★。担唐方(jīng)濟(jì)的含義:

        6.商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的過程:_____。撸撸撸撸摺。撸撸撸撸摺。撸撸撸撸

        (①商品 、谏唐方粨Q 、凼袌觥 、苌唐飞a(chǎn) 、萆唐方(jīng)濟(jì)  ⑥貨幣、呱唐妨魍ā 、嗍袌鼋(jīng)濟(jì))

        2商品的基本屬性

        1.使用價(jià)值的含義:

        2.價(jià)值的含義:

        3.交換價(jià)值的含義:

        4.價(jià)格的含義:

        ★。担畠r(jià)值和使用價(jià)值的關(guān)系:

        ①區(qū)別:

         

        ②聯(lián)系:a.統(tǒng)一性:

         

        b.對立性:

         

        6.運(yùn)用使用價(jià)值和價(jià)值的關(guān)系,說明提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的意義:

        ①對于商品生產(chǎn)者和經(jīng)營者:

         

        ②對于消費(fèi)者:

        ③對于國家:

        2商品的價(jià)值量

         。保畠r(jià)值量的含義與決定因素:

        2.社會必要勞動時(shí)間的含義與影響因素:

         

          3.勞動生產(chǎn)率的表示方法:①     、

        ★。矗岣邉趧由a(chǎn)率的意義:

           、賯(gè)別勞動生產(chǎn)率的提高:

         

         

        ②社會勞動生產(chǎn)率的提高:

         

         

        ★ 5.要素關(guān)系:(在劃線上標(biāo)出正反比關(guān)系)

        價(jià)值量

        社會必要勞動時(shí)間        社會勞動生產(chǎn)率

         

        個(gè)別勞動時(shí)間          個(gè)別勞動生產(chǎn)率

        價(jià)值總量

        第二節(jié)  貨幣

        1貨幣的產(chǎn)生與本質(zhì)

         。保泿诺漠a(chǎn)生過程:①     、凇    、邸    、

        ★。玻葍r(jià)物、一般等價(jià)物、貨幣、紙幣的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系:

            三者共性:               ①等價(jià)物:

                                               ②一般等價(jià)物:

                                               ③貨幣:

                                               ④紙幣:

        其中,紙幣與另三者的區(qū)別是:

         

         。常泿诺暮x與本質(zhì):

          4.貨幣與金銀的關(guān)系:

        2貨幣的職能:

         。保泿诺幕韭毮埽

         。玻泿诺钠渌苌毮埽

        ★ 3.貨幣五大職能各自的含義、特點(diǎn):

           、儇泿旁趫(zhí)行_____職能時(shí)是觀念的貨幣,其他職能則是實(shí)在的貨幣;

        ②貨幣在執(zhí)行_____職能時(shí),不僅是實(shí)在的貨幣,而且必須是足值的;

        ③區(qū)分流通手段和支付手段:

        a.流通手段特點(diǎn):

        b.支付手段特點(diǎn):

        c.常見的支付手段:

        ★。矗唐妨魍ǖ暮x:

        3紙幣的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展:

         。保垘女a(chǎn)生的原因:①鑄幣實(shí)際含量與名義含量的分離;  ②紙幣的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

        ★ 2.紙幣的含義與本質(zhì):

        ★。常垘诺穆毮埽

        ①只有金屬貨幣才能執(zhí)行,而紙幣不能執(zhí)行的職能:

        ②紙幣可以執(zhí)行的職能:

        ③只有如美圓等硬通紙幣才能執(zhí)行_____職能.

                     價(jià)值尺度  流通手段  支付手段  貯藏手段  世界貨幣

         

           金屬貨幣                                         

                紙    幣                                                                                      

        ★。矗垘诺陌l(fā)行規(guī)律??流通中所需貨幣量(紙幣發(fā)行量的確定)公式:

          流通中所需貨幣量 = ──────────  (注意正反比關(guān)系)

        ★。担ㄘ浥蛎浥c通貨緊縮:

         、佼a(chǎn)生原因:a.通漲:

        b.通縮:

         、诟髯蕴攸c(diǎn):a.通漲:物價(jià)___,貨幣___,供求___

        b.通縮:物價(jià)___,貨幣___,供求___

          ③治理措施:a.通漲:財(cái)政________,金融_______

        b.通縮:財(cái)政________,金融_______

        ★ 6.國家有權(quán)規(guī)定紙幣的:________________

          國家無權(quán)規(guī)定紙幣的:________________

         。罚畬Υ疱X(貨幣)的態(tài)度:

         

        第三節(jié)  價(jià)值規(guī)律

        1價(jià)值規(guī)律的內(nèi)容

        ★。保畠r(jià)值規(guī)律的內(nèi)容:①           、

        ★。玻畠r(jià)值規(guī)律的表現(xiàn)形式:價(jià)格圍繞價(jià)值上下波動.

            ①等價(jià)交換的原因:

        ②等價(jià)交換的"價(jià)",是指:

        ③等價(jià)交換的實(shí)際表現(xiàn),不存在于_____________,而是體現(xiàn)在_____________.

        ④價(jià)格的波動必然"圍繞價(jià)值"的原因:

        ⑤價(jià)格發(fā)生波動的原因:

        ★ 3.影響價(jià)格的因素:①決定因素:____;②其他主要影響因素:____.

        ★。矗┣箨P(guān)系與價(jià)格之間的關(guān)系:

         

         

         

        ★ 5.幾種特殊價(jià)格:

          ①優(yōu)質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)──產(chǎn)品優(yōu)質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)的原因:

         

        ②郵票、古董、名畫;  ③壟斷價(jià)格;  ④國家定價(jià);  ⑤投機(jī)價(jià)格

        2價(jià)值規(guī)律的作用

        ★。ɡ斫馊笞饔玫脑、作用的形式、指導(dǎo)意義)

        1.調(diào)節(jié)作用:

         

         2.刺激作用:

         

         。常畠(yōu)勝劣汰作用:

         

        總體而言,價(jià)值規(guī)律的作用是:______________

        (理解:企業(yè)以市場和價(jià)格為導(dǎo)向,就是遵循價(jià)值規(guī)律.)

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