海淀區(qū)高三年級第二學(xué)期期中練習(xí)
英 語 2008.4
本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分。第Ⅰ卷l至10頁，第Ⅱ卷11至12頁。共150分�？荚嚂r間120分鐘。
注意事項：
1.答試卷第Ⅰ卷時，每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡Ⅰ上對應(yīng)題目的答案選中涂滿涂黑，黑以蓋住框內(nèi)字母為準(zhǔn)。如需改動，用橡皮擦除干凈后再選涂其它答案項。在試卷上答題無效。
2.答試卷第Ⅱ卷時，必須用黑色字跡的簽字筆按題號順序答在答題卡Ⅱ的答題區(qū)域相應(yīng)位置內(nèi)，未在應(yīng)的答題區(qū)域作答或超出答題區(qū)域作答均不得分。在試卷上答題無效。
第Ⅰ卷(選擇題，共115分)
第一部分：聽力理解(共兩節(jié)，30分)
第一節(jié)(共5小題；每小題1.5分，共7.5分)
聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一道小題，從每題所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你將有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話你將聽一遍。
1. When will the man meet his uncle?
A. At 9:55. B. At 10:05. C. At 10:15.
2. What does the woman want to have?
A. Ice water. B. Coffee. C. Tea.
3. Who was injured in the accident?
A. No one. B. A baby. C. Three women.
4. What is the girl going to do during the weekend?
A. See a film. B. Make a plan. C. Prepare for a test.
5. Where are the speakers?
A. At a shop. B. At a bank. C. At a hotel.
第二節(jié)(共15小題；每小題1.5分，共22.5分)
聽下面6段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾道小題，從每題所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有5秒鐘的時間閱讀每小題。聽完后，每小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白你將聽兩遍。
聽第6段材料，回答第6至7題。
6. How many reasons does the girl give for taking up singing?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four.
7. What do the girl’s parents want her to be?
A. A musician. B. A singer. C. An actress.
聽第7段材料，回答第8至9題。
8. Why does the man make the telephone call?
A. To make an appointment. B. To ask for information. C. To get some advice.
9. What is the man advised to do in the end?
A. See the doctor at once. B. Wait for a few days. C. Put some ice on his injury.
聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。
10. What will the woman do on Friday evening?
A. Visit her doctor. B. Go to a concert. C. Have dinner with the man.
11. What is the relationship between the two speakers?
A. Close friends. B. Brother and sister. C. Doctor and patient.
12. When does the conversation take place?
A. On Tuesday. B. On Wednesday. C. On Thursday.
聽第9段材料，回答第13至15題。
13. What does the girl think of her Spanish teacher?
A. Talkative. B. Annoying. C. Boring.
14. Why does the girl like her history class?
A. The teacher often rewards the students.
B. The history tests are always easy.
C. She finds history interesting.
15. What can we learn from the conversation?
A. The girl is unlikely to be allowed out.
B. The father is content with his daughter.
C. The girl didn’t receive her report card.
聽第10段材料，回答第16至17題。
Study the map. Then, listen to the conversation and choose the right answers.
16. Where is the movie theater?
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3.
17. Where is the restaurant located?
A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.
聽第11段材料，回答第18至20題。
18. What are the high temperatures for most of the state on Friday?
A. 85 to 90 degrees. B. 91 to 95 degrees. C. 96 to 99 degrees.
19. What is Saturday evening’s weather forecast for the state?
A. Light showers over the entire state.
B. Cold and windy over the state.
C. Some rain in parts of the state.
20. What can be done on Sunday evening?
A. Appreciating the moon.
B. Watching the star shower.
C. Collecting rocks and metals.
第二部分：知識運用（共兩節(jié)，45分）
第一節(jié) 單項填空（共15小題；每小題1分，共15分）
從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
例:It’s so nice to hear from her again._______, we last met more than thirty years ago.
A. What’s more B. That’s to say C. In other words D. Believe it or not
答案是D。
21. Although _______ badminton is my favorite sport, I am not _______ very good player.
A. the; a B. the; the C. /; a D. /; the
22. ― You ran into Mr. Li! How did that happen?
― Well, _______ of us was looking where we were going. We came around the corner at the
same time.
A. neither B. either C. both D. none
23. ― Kate is complaining again.
― She has a good job and plenty of money. What _______ does she want?
A. best B. better C. most D. more
24. One more week, _______ we will finish all the tasks completely.
A. but B. and C. so D. or
25. The man didn’t admit _______ anything at the store when he was questioned by the police.
A. to steal B. having stolen
C. to have stolen D. having been stealing
26. When she realized I _______ her, she quickly made a pose, smiling.
A. photographed B. had photographed C. was photographing D. will photograph
27. The idea has been widely accepted _______ Beijing Opera should be added to the basic
education in
A. which B. when C. that D. /
28. ― I didn’t do well in the exam yesterday. Of course I _______ for it.
― Oh, you poor thing! But I think you should learn a lesson.
A. hadn’t studied B. haven’t studied C. wasn’t studying D. wouldn’t study
29. Early this year
cruel snowstorms hit southern
some areas.
A. causing B. caused C. to cause D. having caused
30. There are a few spelling mistakes; _______, it’s quite a good essay.
A. all in all B. above all C. if so D. even so
31. ― I am not going to play football this year, Mum.
― That’s music to my ears. I was so afraid you_______.
A. will be hurt B. would get hurt C. had got hurt D. were hurt
32. ― It was a red light, William. You _______ the car.
― Sorry. I didn’t see it.
A. must stop B. should stop C. must have stopped D. should have stopped
33. Failure is never pleasurable, but it can make a positive contribution to your life ________ you
learn to use it.
A. since B. once C. until D. unless
34. ― Where did you get to know the professor over there?
― It was at the workshop _______ we did research together two years ago.
A. that B. there C. which D. where
35. Most stores say that they daren’t _______ prices _______ for fear of losing their customers.
A. put; up B. set; up C. make; up D. turn; up
第二節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分，共30分）
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。
Learn to Meet Challenges
My classmates called me “the alien”, and they avoided me like the plague (瘟疫). As a young boy, I 36 from a serious skin disease, which filled my arms with scars. The true 37 of my condition, however, was social: I lived a life of loneliness.
Doctors predicted that I would never fully recover, but my parents encouraged me to hope for the future, teaching me that any difficulty could be overcome. I therefore took a/an 38 role in fighting against my disease, trying many medications and herbs, and my health 39 greatly before I graduated. I realized that my personal 40 had led to this improvement. I regained self-confidence and made many friends at school.
Years later, 41 my personal battle against disease, I learned a great deal about 42 by overcoming difficulties.
I joined the
Culture Club as a Special Event Director.
I
My experiences 55 improved my ability to handle challenging situations.
36. A. judged B. suffered C. prevented D. separated
37. A. pain B. sign C. value D. meaning
38. A. important B. different C. leading D. active
39. A. developed B. improved C. increased D. removed
40. A. joy B. goal C. will D. life
41. A. over B. like C. for D. in
42. A. ability B. quality C. leadership D. friendship
43. A. taught B. found C. managed D. followed
44. A. mistake B. method C. effort D. right
45. A. satisfied B. familiar C. patient D. strict
46. A. desires B. talents C. ideas D. tasks
47. A. remind B. guide C. show D. help
48. A. discouraged B. disturbed C. encouraged D. educated
49. A. adopted B. admired C. trusted D. tested
50. A. surprise B. delight C. pride D. hope
51. A. As B. If C. Because D. Although
52. A. deleted B. changed C. regretted D. considered
53. A. birth B. hand C. gift D. rise
54. A. crazy B. happy C. successful D. independent
55. A. instantly B. indirectly C. unusually D. undoubtedly
第三部分：閱讀理解（共20小題；每小題2分，共40分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。
A
There were two things in the world that Ghagra Geeta Bali hated. The first was the way, Rani, the domestic help, combed her hair. The second was, you guessed it, her name. She hated her name so much that she prayed to god every night: Dear god, let me be born again. So I can have a name like Rita or Preeti. A short, smart one-word name.
On Tuesday, Ghagra Geeta Bali and her mother went for their usual shopping. There was a long queue of children just outside the record store. They went closer to look. It was yet another scheme to sell a few audio cassettes. Everyone who bought a cassette qualified for the scheme.
In this case, the artist whose songs were featured on the cassette was a young sensation called Malik Faridabadi, a great favorite with teenagers. Ghagra Geeta Bali was no exception.
A friendly young man was writing down the names of the people who wanted to participate in the scheme. Out of this long list Malik would pick one name, and the chosen one would get to meet him, plus of course, win many freebies (贈品).
But when her mother asked her to participate, Ghagra Geeta Bali said no. She didn’t want to, speak out her name in front of so many people and make herself the butt (笑料) of amusement. But mothers being mothers, she just went up to the man and told him in firm tones: “Please enter my daughter’s name. It is Ghagra Geeta Bali.”
“It is what?” the man asked, naturally a little taken aback.
“G-h-a-g-r-a G-e-e-t-a B-a-l-i. There she is,” she replied while pointing to her daughter. The crowd standing around also turned to stare. All Ghagra Geeta Bali wanted then was for the earth to open up and swallow her.
That did not happen. But the following week she received a call. It was from the recording company that had announced the scheme. And they told her that she was the chosen one.
“It is all because of your name,” said the public relations man who had called. “Mr Faridabadi took one look at it in the list and said that he couldn’t wait to meet the brave girl bearing it.”
56. Ghagra Geeta Bali didn’t like her name because_______.
A. it would bring her a lot of trouble
B. it was too long and not beautiful
C. it would make her angry
D. it was too ugly and dull
57. When the girl saw the crowd turn to stare at her, she felt_______.
A. scared B. shocked C. embarrassed D. disappointed
58. What is the message of the story?
A. Mother’s love makes all the difference.
B. Children should always trust their parents.
C. One should be brave to meet anything strange.
D. Something that one thinks is bad may turn out good.
B
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Do you sometimes forget to take time to eat?
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59. This advertisement is designed especially for those who________.
A. like eating in restaurants B. have little time
C. prefer home-cooked meals D. want to save money
60. What information CAN’T we get from the advertisement about Quickeats?
A. Different kinds. B. High quality. C. Exact prices. D. Good taste.
61. Which of the following can be cooled in a refrigerator before eating according to the ads?
A. Pasta Salad. B. Dried Fruit. C. Noodles. D. Nuts.
62. What can we learn from the advertisement?
A. Get one Quickeats container and you’ll have four Quickeats to eat.
B. Take one coupon and you can eat freely in a participating store.
C. Buy one coupon and you’ll get a free Quickeats.
D. Buy one Quickeats and you’ll get a container.
C
Can you imagine a catfish bigger than a boy?
There are more than 1,000 kinds of catfish; 28 species are found in the
Walking catfish. Nature’s feisty little catfish, found in
southern
Armored catfish. This
catfish has heavy, bony plates protecting its body. The shell makes the fish
difficult to bone. To cook it, throw the fish whole into a fire. When it is
done, break it open for eating. Some armored catfish are found in
Rounding out the family of strange catfish are talking catfish, which make growing sound when you pull them from the water; climbing catfish, which move quickly up shore brush in search of food; electric catfish, which can deliver a mild shock; and blind catfish, which settle in the inky blackness of underwater caves. Blind catfish find food through taste buds in their eight whiskers (須).
Most catfish have four whiskers on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw.
Sensory holes on these whiskers help the fish smell and taste food even in the
muddiest of water. The
Most of the catfish you are likely to catch will be much smaller, about frying pan size. When you catch one, remember that the top fin and the forward fins have poison glands (腺) at their bases. They can give you painful wounds. (...)
63. The purpose of the passage is to ______.
A. encourage readers to go fishing for catfish
B. inform readers of the world’s largest catfish
C. describe the unusual characteristics of catfish
D. explain different ways to catch a variety of catfish
64. The author talks about the way of cooking an armored catfish to show that______.
A. it has heavy and bony plates
B. it’s hard to cook and eat
C. it has too many bones
D. it’ s poisonous inside
65. Which is NOT mentioned about catfish in the passage?
A. Its eating habits. B. Its living conditions. C. Its whiskers. D. Its size.
66. What may be continued in the last paragraph?
A. The author’ s love for catfish.
B. Where else to catch a catfish.
C. The origin of the name “catfish”.
D. The safest way to handle catfish.
D
l 1-year-old Courtney Thompson was so passionate about gymnastics that she would practice five hours a day until her arms were sore and her elbows swollen. She rarely complained about her tough schedule, and for good reason. Courtney was ranked the best gymnast in the state for her age, and she dreamed of going to the Olympics. But on January 12th, 2005, while practicing a routine exercise, she felt an unbearable pain in the left elbow. The medical examination then revealed a severe injury, resulting in an immediate surgery, and a slow, painful recovery.
What happened to Courtney Thompson
is a red flag in
There are many reasons behind the outbreak in sports injuries, but most experts agree on one: the extreme culture of organized youth sports. Gone are the days when children played a variety of games on playgrounds. Child kidnapping and street crime have ended casual neighborhood athletics in many places, leading parents to enroll their children in organized sports under the watchful, though demanding, eyes of adult volunteers and coaches. And movies like Friday Night Lights glorify the thrill of victory for young athletes with single-minded dedication to athletic achievement.
From high school gyms to county ball fields, 41 million children younger than 19 participated in organized youth sports in 2005, according to the latest research by the National Council of Youth Sports. The figure represents a 25 percent increase since 1997.
第Ⅱ卷(共35分)
第四部分：書面表達(共兩節(jié)，35分)
第一節(jié) 情景作文(20分)
目前，家長開車接送孩子上下學(xué)已成為一個普遍現(xiàn)象，人們對此做法褒貶不一。下面是就此現(xiàn)象所做的問卷調(diào)查結(jié)果。
請根據(jù)下列圖表提示，描述被訪者的看法。
注意:1.詞數(shù)不少于60。
2.文章的開頭已經(jīng)給出。
3.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。
Nowadays it’s a common phenomenon that parents drive their children to school and back home, which causes a heated discussion. A survey has just been conducted about it, and the findings are as follows.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
第二節(jié) 開放作文（15分）
請根據(jù)下面提示，寫一篇短文。詞數(shù)不少于50。
In your English class, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to your classmates how you understand it.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Parental involvement in youth sports has also made childhood games less about having fun and more about training and competing for the top spot, landing a college scholarship or launching a promising career. Hoping to nurture the next Michelle Kwan or Apolo Ohno, some parents guide their children into specializing in one sport. But the repetitive training required to master a sport places enormous stresses on bones and muscles that are still developing.
67. The passage is mainly about_______.
A. children's participation in organized sports
B. the main causes of the youth sports injuries
C. the way to train children in organized sports
D. the common occurrence of youth sports injuries
68. The underlined part “red flag” in the second paragraph most probably means“_______”.
A. warning B. problem C. symbol D. mark
69. Why is the
number of sports injuries among children in
A. Because of their increasing fondness for sports.
B. Because children are not professional enough for sports.
C. Because more children are seeking for sports achievements.
D. Because of the involvement of the parents and more organized sports.
70. We can learn from the passage that_______.
A. about 10.25 million youngsters participated in organized sports in 1997
B. parents give limited chances for children to choose their sports
C. serious injuries often happened to young students in the past
D. Courtney Thompson will never become a famous gymnast
E
Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance (pocket money). The purpose is to let children learn from experiences at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly.
The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration. Some children get a weekly allowance. Others get a monthly allowance.
In any case, parents should make clear what, if anything, the child is expected to pay for with the money. At first, young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this, they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget. Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance.
The object is to show young people that a budget demands a choice between spending and saving. Older children may be responsible enough to save money for larger costs, like clothing or electronics. Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life.
Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works.
Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save it.
Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice. You have to cut costs and plan for the future. Requiring children to save part of their allowances can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance.
A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest.
Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over time it adds up.
71. Giving an allowance, parents should consider all the following EXCEPT_______.
A. how much the child should get each time
B. whether the child has made a budget
C. where the money really goes
D. how often a child can get it
72. According to the passage, how can a child learn to have a budget?
A. Through their own experiences.
B. Through parents’ instruction.
C. By spending allowance.
D. By receiving allowance.
73. The author of the passage holds the opinion that_______.
A. what children learn by handling allowances may be beneficial in the future
B. children can learn to set up their own business with their allowances
C. keeping allowances in the bank is the best choice for children
D. it is not a good idea to pay children to do housework at home
74. The underlined words “compound interest” in the passage probably means_______.
A. increasing curiosity to learn how to make more money
B. stronger power to hold one’s attention to saving money
C. money paid by the bank on your original money and the gain from it
D. the sum of money that you earn from keeping your money in the bank
75. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Be Generous To Pay Your Children
B. Be Wise To Avoid Financial Mistakes
C. Saving Allowances Does Good To Children
D. Allowances Help Children Learn About Money
海 淀 區(qū) 高 三 年 級 第 二 學(xué) 期 期 中 練 習(xí)
數(shù) 學(xué)（文科） 2008.4
本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分，第Ⅰ卷1至2頁，第Ⅱ卷3至9頁，共150分�？荚嚂r間120分鐘。考試結(jié)束，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷(選擇題 共40分)
注意事項：
1. 答卷前將學(xué)校、班級、姓名填寫清楚。
2. 選擇題的每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。其他小題用鋼筆或圓珠筆將答案直接寫在試卷上。
海 淀 區(qū) 高 三 年 級 第 二 學(xué) 期 期 中 練 習(xí)
數(shù) 學(xué)（理科） 2008.4
本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分，第Ⅰ卷1至2頁，第Ⅱ卷3
至9頁，共150分�？荚嚂r間120分鐘�？荚嚱Y(jié)束，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題 共40分）
注意事項：
答卷前將學(xué)校、班級、姓名填寫清楚。
選擇題的每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。其他小
題用鋼筆或圓珠筆將答案直接寫在試卷上。
選擇題：本大題共8小題，每小題5分，共40分.在每小題列出的四個選項中,選出符合題目要求的一項.
（1）
的值等于 ( )
（A）1 （B）i （C）-1 （D）－i
（2）若O是△ABC所在平面內(nèi)的一點，且滿足(
+
)?（-
）=0，則△ABC一定是( )
（A）等邊三角形 （B）斜三角形
（C）等腰直角三角形 （D）直角三角形
（3）若函數(shù)y=f (x)的定義域為M={x|-2≤x≤2}，值域為N={y|0≤y≤2}，則函數(shù)y=f(x)
的圖象可能是 ( )
 |
（4）若集合A={1,
m2}，集合B = {2，4} ，則“m =
（A）充分不必要條件 （B）必要不充分條件
（C）充分必要條件 （D）既不充分也不必要條件
（5）已知圓x2 +(y-1)2=2上任一點P（x, y），其坐標(biāo)均使得不等式x+y+m≥0恒成立，則實
數(shù)m的取值范圍是 ( )
（A）
（B）
（C）
（D）
（6）2007年12月中旬，我國南方一些地區(qū)遭遇歷史罕見的雪災(zāi)，電煤庫存吃緊，為了支援南方
地區(qū)抗災(zāi)救災(zāi)，國家統(tǒng)一部署，加緊從北方采煤區(qū)調(diào)運電煤. 某鐵路貨運站對6列電煤貨
運列車進行編組調(diào)度，決定將這6列列車編成兩組，每組3列，且甲、乙兩列列車不在同一
小組，如果甲所在小組3列列車先開出，那么這6列列車先后不同的發(fā)車順序共有 （ ）
（A）36種 （B）108種
（C）216種 （D）432種
（7）直線l過拋物線y2=x的焦點F,交拋物線于A,B兩點,且點A在x軸上方，若直線l的傾斜角θ≥
，則|FA|的取值范圍是 （ ）
（A）[
（B）(
（C）(
（D）(
（8）定義在R上的函數(shù)f (x)滿足f (4)=1. f ′(x)為f(x)的導(dǎo)函數(shù)，已知函數(shù)y = f ′(x)的圖象
如右圖所示.若兩正數(shù)a, b滿足f (
的取值范圍是 （ ）
（A）(
)
（B）
∪(3,+∞)
（C）
（D）(-∞,-3)
海 淀 區(qū) 高 三 年 級 第 二 學(xué) 期 期 中 練 習(xí)
數(shù) 學(xué)（理科） 2008.4
第Ⅱ卷（共110分）
注意事項：
1．用鋼筆或圓珠筆將答案直接寫在試卷上。
2．答卷前將密封線內(nèi)的項目填寫清楚。
題號
一
二
三
總分
（15）
（16）
（17）
（18）
（19）
（20）
分?jǐn)?shù)
海 淀 區(qū) 高 三 年 級 第 二 學(xué) 期 期 中 練 習(xí)
理科綜合能力測試 2008．4
本試卷分為第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分，第Ⅰ卷1至8頁，第Ⅱ卷9至16頁。滿分300分�？荚嚂r間150分鐘。
注意事項：1．答卷前將學(xué)校、班級、姓名填寫清楚。
2．第Ⅰ卷每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑，
第Ⅱ卷各小題用鋼筆或圓珠筆將答案直接寫在試題卷上。
第Ⅰ卷（選擇題 共120分）
可能用到的相對原子質(zhì)量：H―
本卷共20小題，每小題6分，共120分。在每小題列出的四個選項中，選出符合題目要求的一項。
1．下列關(guān)于細(xì)胞分裂的敘述中，正確的是
A．有絲分裂中期和后期，染色單體數(shù)與DNA分子數(shù)相同
B．有絲分裂過程中不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)同源染色體的彼此分離
C．精子形成過程中若染色單體沒有分離，可能出現(xiàn)XXY的后代
D．減數(shù)分裂過程中不存在一個細(xì)胞同時含有兩條Y染色體的階段
2．圖1示蠶豆葉片衰老過程的某些生理變化，下列有關(guān)敘述不正確的是
A．蛋白質(zhì)含量下降，會導(dǎo)致許多代謝過程受阻
B．葉綠素含量下降，會因電子傳遞與ATP的形成受阻而影響光合作用
C．蛋白質(zhì)和葉綠素含量下降的主要原因是N和Mg等元素可被再利用
D．40多天后呼吸速率急劇下降，ATP合成的減少會影響更多的代射過程
3．美國遺傳學(xué)家摩爾根，在野生型紅眼果蠅中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只白眼雄果蠅，他用這只果蠅與野生型紅眼果蠅進行雜交（實驗Ⅰ），結(jié)果F1全部為紅眼。F1雌雄果蠅相互交配，F(xiàn)2雌果蠅全部為紅眼，雄果蠅中紅眼和白眼的比例為1┱1。這種現(xiàn)象不能用孟德爾的理論完全解釋清楚，于是他繼續(xù)做了下表所示的實驗（Ⅱ、Ⅲ）。與實驗有關(guān)的敘述不正確的是
組別
雜交組合
結(jié)果
Ⅱ
F1紅眼♀×白眼♂
紅眼♀：紅眼♂：白眼♀：白眼♂=1∶1∶1∶1
Ⅲ
野生型紅眼♂×白眼♀（來自實驗Ⅱ）
紅眼♀：紅眼♂=1∶1
A．實驗Ⅱ可視為實驗Ⅰ的測交實驗，其結(jié)果表明F1紅眼雌果蠅為雜合子
B．實驗Ⅲ是實驗Ⅰ的反交實驗，正反交結(jié)果不同可確定其不屬于核遺傳
C．實驗Ⅲ的結(jié)果表明野生型紅眼雄果蠅的精子只有一半含有控制眼色的基因
D．對實驗Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ最合理的解釋是控制眼色的基因位于X染色體上
4．下列有關(guān)生物工程的敘述，正確的是
A．限制性內(nèi)切酶的發(fā)現(xiàn)，使細(xì)胞工程應(yīng)運而生和快速發(fā)展
B．細(xì)胞的全能性是植物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的理論基礎(chǔ)
C．單克隆抗體的制備綜合利用了T淋巴細(xì)胞和癌細(xì)胞的特性
D．基因工程的主要目的是要定向改造生物的某些遺傳性狀
5．磁流體是電子材料的新秀，它既具有固體的磁性，又具有液體的流動性，可用于潛水艇推進器等。制備某種磁流體時，將等物質(zhì)的量的硫酸亞鐵溶液和硫酸鐵溶液混合，滴入稍過量的氫氧化鈉溶液，隨后加入油酸鈉溶液，所得磁流體的黑色粒子直徑在5.5 nm～36 nm之間。
下列說法正確的是
A．所得磁流體屬于純凈物
B．油酸鈉既含有親水基又含有憎水基
C．油酸鈉化學(xué)式為C17H35COONa
D．所得磁流體的黑色粒子為氧化亞鐵
6．下列藥品和裝置合理，能完成相應(yīng)實驗的是
7．下列說法正確的是
A．二氧化碳分子中存在共價鍵和分子間作用力
B．甲烷、氨和水都是由極性鍵結(jié)合而成的極性分子
C．同主族不同元素的最高價氧化物，一定具有相同的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)
D．氟化氫的沸點高于氯化氫的沸點，正丁烷的沸點高于異丁烷的沸點
8．亞氯酸鈉（NaClO2）可用作漂白劑，在酸性溶液中生成HClO2而發(fā)生分解，分解的化學(xué)方程式為5HClO2=4ClO2 +HCl+2H2O，ClO2是廣譜型消毒劑。下列說法正確的是
A．HClO2是有機酸
B．上述反應(yīng)中，ClO2是還原產(chǎn)物
C．上述反應(yīng)中，1 mol HClO2分解轉(zhuǎn)移2 mol電子
D．上述反應(yīng)中，氧化劑與還原劑物質(zhì)的量之比1∶4
9．下列實驗操作及現(xiàn)象與結(jié)論對應(yīng)關(guān)系正確的一組是
實驗操作
實驗現(xiàn)象
實驗結(jié)論
A
適量二氧化碳通入氯化鋇溶液中
產(chǎn)生白色沉淀
碳酸的酸性比鹽酸弱
B
二氧化硫通入溴水中
溶液褪色
二氧化硫有漂白性
C
取少量某無色溶液，先滴加氯水，再加入少量四氯化碳，振蕩、靜置
溶液分層，下層呈橙紅色
原無色溶液中一定有溴離子
D
淀粉和稀硫酸混合共熱后，再加少量新制氫氧化銅懸濁液
產(chǎn)生紅色沉淀
淀粉水解可生成葡萄糖
10．下列說法正確的是
A．
B．標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下，
C．常溫下，100 mL 0.1mol/L醋酸溶液中含醋酸分子為0.01×6.02×1023
D．一定條件下2 mol二氧化硫和1 mol氧氣混合，反應(yīng)時轉(zhuǎn)移的電子數(shù)為4×6.02×1023
11．下列說法正確的是
A．pH=3的HX與pH=11的YOH等體積混合，所得溶液的pH一定為7
B．在0.1 mol/L（NH4）2Fe（SO4）2溶液中c（H+）+ c（NH4+）+ c（Fe2+）= c（OH-）+ c（SO42-）
C．向醋酸溶液中加入適量醋酸，所得酸性溶液中c（Na+）＞c（CH3COO-）＞c（H+）＞c（OH-）
D．0.4 mol/L HCL與0.1 mol/L NaAlO2等體積混合，所得溶液中c（Cl-）＞c（Na+）＞c（Al3+）＞c（H+）＞c（OH-）
12．圖3裝置（Ⅰ）是一種可充電電池的示意圖，裝置（Ⅱ）為電解池的示意圖。裝置（Ⅰ）的離子交換膜只允許Na+通過。已知充、放電的化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式為2Na2S2+NaBr3 
Na2S4+3NaBr。當(dāng)閉合開關(guān)K時，X極附近溶液先變紅色。下列說法正確的是
A．閉合K時，Na+從右到左通過離子交換膜
B．閉合K時，負(fù)極反應(yīng)為3NaBr－2e－=NaBr3+2Na+
C．閉合K時，Ｘ電極的電極反應(yīng)式為
D．閉合K時，當(dāng)有0.1 mol Na+通過離子交換膜，X電極上析出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下氣體
13．大量氫原子處于n=4的激發(fā)態(tài)，當(dāng)它們向各較低能級躍遷時，對于多種可能的躍遷，下面說法中正確的是
A．最多只能放出4種不同頻率的光子
B．從n=4能級躍遷到n=l能級放出的光子波長最長
C．從n=4能級躍遷到n=l能級放出的光子頻率最大
D．從n=4能級躍遷到n=3能級放出的光子波長等于從n=2能級躍遷到n=l能級放出的光子波長
14．如圖4所示，內(nèi)壁光滑的絕熱氣缸豎直立于地面上，絕熱活塞將一定質(zhì)量的氣體封閉在氣缸中，活塞靜止時處于A位置。現(xiàn)將一重物輕輕地放在活塞上，活塞最終靜止在B位置。若氣體分子間的相互作用力可忽略不計，則活塞在B位置時與活塞在A位置時相比較
A．氣體的溫度可能相同
B．氣體的內(nèi)能可能相同
C．單位體積內(nèi)的氣體分子數(shù)不變
D．單位時間內(nèi)氣體分子撞擊單位面積氣缸壁的次數(shù)一定增多
15．在研究自感現(xiàn)象的實驗中，用兩個完全相同的燈泡a、b分別與自感系數(shù)很大的自感線圈L和定值電阻R組成如圖5所示的電路（自感線圈的直流電阻與定值電阻R的阻值相等），閉合開關(guān)S達到穩(wěn)定后兩燈均可以正常發(fā)光。關(guān)于這個實驗下面的說法中正確的是
A．閉合開關(guān)的瞬間，通過a燈和b燈的電流相等
B．閉合開關(guān)后，a燈先亮，b燈后亮
C．閉合開關(guān)，待電路穩(wěn)定后斷開開關(guān)，a、b兩燈同時熄滅
D．閉合開關(guān)，待電路穩(wěn)定后斷開開關(guān)，b燈先熄滅，a燈后熄滅
16．彩虹是懸浮于空氣中的大量小水珠對陽光的色散造成的，如圖6所示為太陽光照射到空氣中的一個小水珠發(fā)生全反射和色散的光路示意圖，其中a、b為兩束頻率不同的單色光。對于這兩束光，以下說法中正確的是
A．單色光a比單色光b的頻率高
B．由水射向空氣，a光發(fā)生全反射的臨界角大于b光發(fā)生全反射的臨界角
C．在水中a光的傳播速度小于b光的傳播速度
D．如果b光能使某金屬發(fā)生光電效應(yīng)，則a光也一定能使該金屬發(fā)生光電效應(yīng)
17．一列橫波在x軸上傳播，圖7（甲）為t=1.0s時的波動圖象，圖7（乙）為介質(zhì)中質(zhì)點P的振動圖象。對該波的傳播方向和傳播波速度的說法正確的是
A．沿+x方向傳播，波速為
B．沿－x方向傳播，波速為
C．沿+x方向傳播，波速為
D．沿－x方向傳播，波速為
18．電磁輻射對人體有很大危害，可造成失眠、白細(xì)胞減少、免疫功能下降等。按照有關(guān)規(guī)定，工作場所受電磁輻射強度（單位時間內(nèi)垂直通過單位面積的電磁輻射能量）不得超過0.5W/m2。若某一小型無線電通訊裝置的電磁輻射功率是1W，則至少距該裝置多遠是安全的？
A．
19．某位同學(xué)為了研究超重和失重現(xiàn)象，將重為50N的物體帶上電梯，并將它放在電梯中的力傳感器上．若電梯由靜止開始運動，并測得重物對傳感器的壓力F隨時間t變化的圖象，如圖8所示。設(shè)電梯在第1s末、第4s末和第8s末的速度大小分別為v1、v4和v8，以下判斷中正確的是
A．電梯在上升，且v1＞v4＞v8
B．電梯在下降，且v1＜v4＜v8
C．重物從l s到2s和從7s到8s動量的變化不相同
D．電梯對重物的支持力在第ls內(nèi)和第8s內(nèi)做的功相等
20．如圖9所示，AB、CD是一個圓的兩條直徑，該圓處于勻強電場中，電場強度方向平行該圓所在平面，在圓周所在的平面內(nèi)將一個帶正電的粒子從A點先、后以相同的速率v沿不同方向射向圓形區(qū)域，粒子將經(jīng)過圓周上的不同點，其中經(jīng)過C點時粒子的動能最小。若不計粒子所受的重力和空氣阻力，則下列判斷中正確的是
A．電場強度方向由A指向B
B．電場強度方向由D指向C
C．粒子到達B點時動能最大
D．粒子到達D點時電勢能最小
海 淀 區(qū) 高 三 年 級 第 二 學(xué) 期 期 中 練 習(xí)
理科綜合能力測試 2008．4
科目
第Ⅰ卷
第Ⅱ卷
總分
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
生物
l～4
―
―
―
―
―
―
―
―
化學(xué)
5～12
―
―
―
―
―
―
―
物理
13～20
―
―
―
―
―
―
―
第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題共180分）
21.（18分）
（1）（6分）在做“研究平拋物體的運動”的實驗中，下列做法哪些是必要的?（ ）
A．斜槽軌道末端切線必須水平 B．一定要用鋼球
C．每次都要平衡小球所受摩擦力 D．小球每次都應(yīng)從斜槽同一高度釋放
（2）（12分）按圖10所示的電路測量兩節(jié)干電池串聯(lián)組成電池組的電動勢E和內(nèi)阻r，其中R為電阻箱，R0為定值電阻，干電池的工作電流不宜超過
電流表（量程0～0.6～3
①在下面提供的四個電阻中，保護電阻R0應(yīng)選用_______（填寫阻值相應(yīng)的字母）。
A．5Ω
B．20Ω
C．100Ω D．1kΩ
②根據(jù)電路圖，請在圖11中畫出連線，將器材連接成實驗電路。
③實驗時，改變電阻箱R的值，記錄下電流表A的示數(shù)I，得到
若干組R、I的數(shù)據(jù)。根據(jù)實驗數(shù)據(jù)繪出如圖12所示的R-
圖線，由此得出電池組的電動勢E=___________V，
內(nèi)電阻r=___________Ω。按照此實驗方法，電動勢的測量值與真實值相比________，內(nèi)電阻的測量值與真實值相比_________。（填“偏大”“偏小”或“相等”）
22．（16分）如圖13（甲）所示，足夠長的光滑平行金屬導(dǎo)軌MN、PQ固定在同一水平面上，兩導(dǎo)軌間距L=
（1）金屬桿ab受到安培力的大小和方向；
（2）金屬桿的速率；
（3）對圖象分析表明，金屬桿在外力作用下做的是勻加速運動，加速度大小a=
23．（18分）如圖14所示，一輕質(zhì)彈簧豎直固定在地面上，自然長度l0=
（1）碰撞結(jié)束瞬間兩物體的速度大��；
（2）兩物體一起運動第一次具有豎直向上最大速度時彈簧的長度；
（3）兩物體第一次剛要分離時物體B的速度大小。
24．（20分）如圖15（甲）所示為一種研究高能粒子相互作用的裝置，兩個直線加速器均由k個長度逐個增長的金屬圓筒組成（整個裝置處于真空中。圖中只畫出了6個圓筒，作為示意），它們沿中心軸線排列成一串，各個圓筒相間地連接到正弦交流電源的兩端。設(shè)金屬圓筒內(nèi)部沒有電場，且每個圓筒間的縫隙寬度很小，帶電粒子穿過縫隙的時間可忽略不計。為達到最佳加速效果，需要調(diào)節(jié)至粒子穿過每個圓筒的時間恰為交流電的半個周期，粒子每次通過圓筒縫隙時，都恰為交流電壓的峰值。
質(zhì)量為m、電荷量為e的正、負(fù)電子分別經(jīng)過直線加速器加速后，從左、右兩側(cè)被導(dǎo)入裝置送入位于水平面內(nèi)的圓環(huán)形真空管道，且被導(dǎo)入的速度方向與圓環(huán)形管道中粗虛線相切。在管道內(nèi)控制電子轉(zhuǎn)彎的是一系列圓形電磁鐵，即圖15（甲）中的A1、A2、A3……An，共n個，均勻分布在整個圓周上（圖中只示意性地用細(xì)實線畫了幾個，其余的用細(xì)虛線表示），每個電磁鐵內(nèi)的磁場都是磁感應(yīng)強度均相同的勻強磁場，磁場區(qū)域都是直徑為d的圓形。改變電磁鐵內(nèi)電流的大小，就可改變磁場的磁感應(yīng)強度．從而改變電子偏轉(zhuǎn)的角度。經(jīng)過精確的調(diào)整，可使電子在環(huán)形管道中沿圖中粗虛線所示的軌跡運動，這時電子經(jīng)過每個電磁鐵時射入點和射出點都在電磁鐵內(nèi)圓形勻強磁場區(qū)域的同一條直徑的兩端，如圖15（乙）所示。這就為實現(xiàn)正、負(fù)電子的對撞做好了準(zhǔn)備。
（1）若正、負(fù)電子經(jīng)過直線加速器后的動能均為E0，它們對撞后發(fā)生湮滅，電子消失，且僅產(chǎn)生一對頻率相同的光子，則此光子的頻率為多大？（已知普朗克恒量為h，真空中的光速為c。）
（2）若電子剛進入直線加速器第一個圓筒時速度大小為v0，為使電子通過直線加速器加速后速度為v，加速器所接正弦交流電電壓的最大值應(yīng)當(dāng)多大?
（3）電磁鐵內(nèi)勻強磁場的磁感應(yīng)強度B為多大?
25．（18分）A為藥用有機物，A的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系如圖16所示。已知A在一定條件下能跟醇發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng)，A分子中苯環(huán)上的兩個取代基連在相鄰的碳原子上，D能跟NaOH溶液反應(yīng)。
請回答：
（1）A轉(zhuǎn)化為B、C時，涉及到的反應(yīng)類型有________________________、_____________________。
（2）E的兩種同分異構(gòu)體Q、R都能在一定條件下發(fā)生銀鏡反應(yīng)，R能與Na反應(yīng)放出H2，而Q不能。Q、R的結(jié)構(gòu)簡式為Q_________________________、R_________________________。
（3）D的結(jié)構(gòu)簡式為___________________________________________。
（4）寫出A在加熱條件下與NaOH溶液反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式
___________________________________________________________________________________________。
（5）已知：酰氯能與含有羥基的物質(zhì)反應(yīng)生成酯類物質(zhì)，例如：
+HCl。寫出草酰氯（分子式C2O2Cl2，結(jié)構(gòu)式
）
與足量有機物D反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式
___________________________________________________________________________________________。
（6）已知：
請選用適當(dāng)物質(zhì)設(shè)計一種合成方法，用鄰甲基苯酚經(jīng)兩步反應(yīng)合成有機物A，在方框中填寫有機物的結(jié)構(gòu)簡式。
26．（15分）已知A、B、D、E均為中學(xué)化學(xué)常見單質(zhì)或化合物，它們之間的關(guān)系如圖17所示（部分產(chǎn)物略去）。
（1）若A和E為單質(zhì)，組成A單質(zhì)的元素是自然界中形成化合物種類最多的元素。
①B屬于________分子（填“極性”或“非極性”），B分子中各原子最外層_________（填“是”或“否”）都滿足8電子結(jié)構(gòu)；
②向50 mL 4 mol/L的NaOH溶液中通入
_______________________________（填化學(xué)式和物質(zhì)的量之比）；
③
____________________________________________________。
（2）若A為第三周期中的元素所形成的氯化物。
①寫出A溶液
B的離子方程式_____________________________________；
②寫出A和B的溶液反應(yīng)的離子方程式_____________________________________。
（3）若A為常見的金屬，在E的冷、濃溶液中，A有鈍化現(xiàn)象。已知：X為含有非極性鍵的離子化合物，且1 mol X含有38
mol電子，向D溶液中加入與D等物質(zhì)的量的X固體，恰好完全反應(yīng)，寫出該反應(yīng)的離子方程式_____________________________________。
27．（15分）某課外小組對污染大氣的部分非金屬氧化物進行探究。請根據(jù)題目要求回答下列問題。
（1）寫出用硝酸制取一氧化氮的離子方程式_____________________________________。
（2）查資料得知，HCOOH
CO↑+H2O。實驗室有如圖18所示的裝置，制取一氧化碳可選用的裝置為_________________（填序號）。
（3）查資料得知，利用催化劑可使汽車尾氣中的一氧化碳和氮氧化物大部分發(fā)生反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為二氧化碳和氮氣。該小組在實驗室模擬汽車尾氣處理，設(shè)計了如圖19所示裝置（部分夾持和裝置已略去）。
①實驗前關(guān)閉旋塞K，先通氮氣排凈裝置中的空氣，其目的是________________________________________
__________________________________________________________，
②裝置（Ⅲ）的主要作用 _____________________________________________________________________，
③加熱停止后，打開旋塞K，放入適量氧氣時，裝置（Ⅱ）中可觀察到的現(xiàn)象是___________________________
________________________________________，
④該套裝置中有不完善之處，還應(yīng)在裝置（Ⅳ）后補充______________________________________________。
（4）工業(yè)上通常用氫氧化鈉溶液吸收一氧化氮、二氧化氮的混合氣體。相關(guān)反應(yīng)為2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO3+ NaNO2+H2O和NO2+NO+2NaOH=2NaNO2 +H2O。
將體積比為
的混合氣體通入足量的氫氧化鈉溶液中，氣體完全反應(yīng)后，所得溶液中
=____________________________。
28．（12分）鐵是人體不可缺少的微量元素，攝入含鐵的化合物可補充鐵。“速力菲”是市場上一種常見的補鐵藥品，下表是說明書的部分內(nèi)容。
（1）該藥品中Fe2+會緩慢氧化。國家規(guī)定該藥物中Fe2+的氧化率超過10.00％即不能再服用。
①為了檢驗?zāi)乘幍瓿鍪鄣摹八倭Ψ啤笔欠裱趸�，實驗室�?yīng)選用的檢驗試劑為___________（填試劑的名稱）；
②實驗室可采用H2SO4酸化的KMnO4溶液，對“速力菲”中的Fe2+進行滴定（假設(shè)藥品中，其它成分不與KMnO4反應(yīng)）。請配平下列離子方程式
____MnO4?+____Fe2+____H+____Mn2++____Fe3++_____H2O
③稱量上述含鐵元素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為20.00％的“速力菲”
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
（2）已知琥珀酸亞鐵相對分子質(zhì)量為172，琥珀酸為有機酸。含
琥珀酸亞鐵的化學(xué)式為________________________。
29．（12分）生長素的主要作用是促進細(xì)胞縱向伸長，其作用機理如圖20所示，請回答下列問題：
（1）生長素作用的第一步是與細(xì)胞膜上的受體結(jié)合，形成“激素―受體復(fù)合物”，這一過程體現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞膜的_________________功能。
（2）被激活的“激素―受體復(fù)合物”能引起內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)釋放Ca2+，Ca2+促使細(xì)胞內(nèi)的H+以_________________的方式運往細(xì)胞外，增加了細(xì)胞壁的延展性，使細(xì)胞壁對細(xì)胞的壓力減小，導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞吸水、體積增大而發(fā)生不可逆增長。細(xì)胞在生長過程中體積變化最大的細(xì)胞器是_____________。實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，細(xì)胞在持續(xù)生長過程中，細(xì)胞壁的厚度能基本保持不變，出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因是由于__________（填細(xì)胞器）為細(xì)胞壁添加了新的成分。
（3）此外，Ca2+還能激活細(xì)胞中的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子，它進入細(xì)胞核后，能引起_______________酶催化mRNA的合成。
（4）生長素促進根系生長的最適宜濃度要比莖低得多，稍高濃度的生長素能促進乙烯的生物合成，從而抑制了根的伸長，這說明生長素的作用具有_________________。
30．（18分）科學(xué)家用脈孢霉（一種真菌）為實驗材料，對基因的功能進行了深入的研究。
（1）野生型脈孢霉在基本培養(yǎng)基上即可生長，基本培養(yǎng)基只含有野生型脈孢霉生長所必需的最低限度的營養(yǎng)成分�；九囵B(yǎng)基中所含的營養(yǎng)要素可以歸納為：____________________________________________________
_________________________________________。
（2）科學(xué)家用X射線處理野生型脈孢霉后，發(fā)現(xiàn)部分菌株在基本培養(yǎng)基上不能生長。用X射線處理脈孢霉的目的是_______________________________。
（3）為確定這部分菌株在基本培養(yǎng)基不能生長的原因，科學(xué)家們繼續(xù)做實驗：在基本培養(yǎng)基中補充了某種物質(zhì)，原來不能生長的菌株有的能夠生長了。從而獲得了三種與野生型菌株不同的突變型菌株A、B、C。實驗結(jié)果見下表：
實驗分析：在哺乳動物的肝臟中，精氨酸是經(jīng)過“前體→鳥氨酸→瓜氨酸→精氨酸”的途徑合成的。受這種生化觀點的啟發(fā)，科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為：野生型脈孢霉可以利用基本培養(yǎng)基中的某類物質(zhì)（前體），合成了一系列氨基酸，這些氨基酸應(yīng)該屬于脈胞霉的_________________代謝產(chǎn)物。
三種突變型菌株均能在添加了精氨酸的培養(yǎng)基中生長，說明它們均喪失了_________________的功能。突變菌株B可在添加了瓜氨酸的培養(yǎng)基中生長，但不能在添加鳥氨酸的培養(yǎng)基中生長，原因是它_________________。
（4）生化反應(yīng)都由特定的酶來催化，一個基因突變導(dǎo)致了一個生化反應(yīng)的不能進行，科學(xué)家們由此提出了“一個基因控制合成一個酶”的假說。在進一步的猜測中，有一種觀點認(rèn)為基因突變使細(xì)胞合成了一種結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變而失去活性的“酶”。于是有人繼續(xù)探討這個問題。一種免疫反應(yīng)可檢測到失活“酶”的存在，科學(xué)家們利用這種方法做了下面的實驗。
第一步 設(shè)法得到影響上述生化反應(yīng)的酶，將其純化制成酶制劑，注射到家兔體內(nèi)，獲得相應(yīng)的抗酶抗體（能和正常的酶及失活的“酶”發(fā)生沉淀反應(yīng)）。酶制劑在免疫學(xué)上屬于_________________。
第二步 在培養(yǎng)皿的瓊脂上挖四個圓孔（如圖21所示），在0號圓孔中加入抗酶抗體，在2號圓孔中加入野生型菌株提取物，3號圓孔中加入某突變菌株提取物，則l號圓孔中需加入_________________作為對照。
第三步 0、l、2、3號圓孔中的物質(zhì)各自在瓊脂中擴散，觀察l、2、3號圓孔與0號圓孔之間是否出現(xiàn)_________________。
實驗結(jié)果分析：若出現(xiàn)________________________________________________
結(jié)果時，則支持“基因突變使細(xì)胞合成了一種失去活性的‘酶’”的推斷。
31．（18分）圖22是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能量流動模式圖，其中柱寬大致與能量流動的數(shù)量成比例。
請回答下列問題：
（1）若該圖表示森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，則流經(jīng)該生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的總能量A會明顯大于草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，出現(xiàn)這種差異的主要原因是森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)______（單選）。
A．以木本植物為主
B．土壤肥沃
C．營養(yǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜
D．群落具有明顯的分層結(jié)構(gòu)
（2）影響森林和草原在地球上分布的主要生態(tài)因素是_________________。
（3）若該圖表示草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，當(dāng)圖中____________
（填字母）的柱寬過大時，會導(dǎo)致草場退化、沙化等現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)。因此，合理確定草場的_________________，才能保證畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
（4）若該圖表示農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，怎樣利用農(nóng)作物秸桿中的能量是一個值得研究的問題。如果將秸稈做廢棄物燃燒就不能充分利用秸稈中的能量，而將秸稈做飼料喂牲畜，再利用牲畜的糞便進行沼氣發(fā)酵，就會使秸稈中的能量更多地流向_________________的部分。同時，其中的物質(zhì)也能被充分利用。
（5）若該圖表示城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，如果居民的生產(chǎn)、生活產(chǎn)生了過多的廢棄物，圖中_________________（填字母）的柱寬就會明顯加大，相應(yīng)地就出現(xiàn)了環(huán)境污染。例如白色污染（聚乙烯）已經(jīng)成為一個嚴(yán)重的社會問題，從生態(tài)系統(tǒng)物質(zhì)循環(huán)的角度來看，造成白色污染的根本原因是___________________________________。
（6）若該圖表示湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，如果要調(diào)查生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量流動情況，可采用黑白瓶法。該方法是從湖泊的一定深度取水樣，測其初始的溶氧量。然后將水樣分裝在透光的白瓶和不透光的黑瓶中，黑白瓶都放回取樣深度，一段時間后取出，再測其溶氧量。此時，黑瓶中溶氧量的變化是瓶中生物_________________的氧氣量，而白瓶中溶氧量的變化是瓶中生物___________________________________________________________之差，這些數(shù)值可用來研究該水層是否存在光能自養(yǎng)生物，以及它們固定太陽能的多少等問題。
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