科目 英語
年級 高二
文件 high2 unit15.doc
標題 A famous detective（著名偵探）
章節(jié) 第十五單元
關鍵詞 高二英語第十五單元
內容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
單元雙基學習目標
Ⅰ. 四會單詞和詞組：have a seat , quarrel , long before , dare , upon , fasten , gun , again and again , blow (n .) , hall
三會單詞和詞組：personal , affair , relative , delay , pillow , nail , chest , pay … a visit , furniture , armchair , pet , doubt , silence , in silence , living room , strike , scream , snake , tiny , nephew , niece , connect to
Ⅱ. 交際英語：
1. I’m afraid I have to go now .
2. It is time sb + 動詞的過去式
3. I hope you have a good journey back to …
4. It was nice to meet you .
5. Please remember me to sb請代我向……問好
6. I called to tell you that …
7. I’d like you to meet …
8. Thanks again for calling .
9. It is very kind of you to do …
10. I have to see to . 我必須處理 。
Ⅲ. 語法重點：
本單元復習過去分詞作定語和狀語的用法。過去分詞可以作名詞的前置定語，也可以作名詞的后置定語。當過去分詞作狀語時，要注意其邏輯主語的問題。
另外要學習同源賓語的用法，如：( page 2 Unit 13 )
Einstein ( lived ) the rest of his ( life ) quietly in the USA . ( 愛因斯坦在美國靜靜地度過了余生 ) 。其中賓語 life 與 live 是同源的名詞，即同源賓語 ( cognate object ) 。這是中學英語課本中十分常見的語法現(xiàn)象，這種賓語用在某些不及物動詞之后，并往往有定語修飾，現(xiàn)舉例如下：
1 . My grandmother lives a happy life in the countryside . 我的祖母在鄉(xiāng)下過著幸福的生活。
2 . Premier Zhou Enlai fought a hard fight against “Gang of Four” . 周恩來總理與“四人幫”進行了一場艱苦的斗爭。
3 . He breathed his last breath last night . 昨天夜里他咽了最后一口氣。
4 . He laughed a hearty laugh at the good news . 聽到好消息后他開心地笑了。
5 . Chris will sing us a pop song . 克莉斯將給我們唱首流行歌曲。
6 . Her son died a hero's death in the war . 她兒子在戰(zhàn)爭中英勇犧牲了。
7 . She sleeps a sweet sleep only on Sundays . 只有在周日她才能甜美地睡一覺。
8 . I dreamed a pleasant dream last night . 昨天夜里我做了個愉快的夢。
9 . My father signed a deep sign . 我父親深深地嘆了一口氣。
10 . My mother smiled a happy smile when I passed the entrance examination .當我通過了入學考試時，我媽媽幸福地笑了。
【指點迷津】
單元重點詞匯點撥
1. delay推遲；耽擱
What delayed you so long yesterday ?
The train was delayed one hour by the accident .
〖點撥〗without delay毫無耽擱地，立即。after a delay of two hours延遲兩個小時以后。
注意：delay + -ing推遲干……。如：I’ll delay answering his letter until I feel like writing .
另外，put off + ing推遲干……。如：They put off holding the sports meet .
2. quarrel爭吵；吵架
He had a quarrel with his wife about / over the housework .
〖點撥〗quarrel with sb about / over sth因為……向某人爭吵
3. dare與need
dare 和 need 這兩個詞的用法有它們獨特的地方。詞性有兩種而且不同的詞性決定了它們不同的用法。對中學生來講掌握它們的用法有一定的難度，無論教師從理論上如何解釋，但同學們在具體運用中都會出現(xiàn)浮光掠影，若明若暗，零亂殘缺，張冠李戴的現(xiàn)象。這兩個詞難就難在對詞性的判斷，它們可以作為情態(tài)動詞用(其后不帶 to)，又可以作為行為動詞用(后面要帶 to)。為了便于區(qū)分其詞性和掌握用法，同學們可以采用下面的口訣幫助記憶。
〖點撥〗口訣：“dare , need 真奇怪，既行為(指行為動詞)又情態(tài)(指情態(tài)動詞)，是行為，把 to 帶(指其后用不定式)，是情態(tài)，把 to “賣”(指其后去掉 to，只用動詞原形)。若 need (= want ，require) 的主語是某物，愿與 -ing (= to be done)結姻緣�！�
請做以下練習：
1） Something is wrong with my watch . It needs ____ .
A . to repair B . repairing C . repaired D . being repaired
2） I ____ to ask the teachers for advice in the office .
A . dare not B . not dare C . dare don't D . don't dare
3） He ____ come to school to give us a lecture on how to learn English .
A . need B . need to C . needs D . to need
4） She ____ do so .
A . won't dare B . dare not C . will dare to D . not dare
5） We ____ to think it over before we take action .
A . needing B . needs C . need D . needed
［答案與簡析］1 ― 5 BDABC 。第一題選B；某物作 need 的主語，后面應用動名詞的主動形式表被動含義。第二題選D；dare 用作行為動詞，其否定形式應為“助動詞+ not dare to do sth . ”第三題選A；need 用作情態(tài)動詞，其后跟動詞原形。第四題選B；dare 用作情態(tài)動詞，直接加 not 表示否定。第五題選C；need 用作行為動詞，主語是人稱代詞，其后應該是 need to do sth .
4. furniture (總稱) 家具
A lot of furniture will be bought for you .
〖點撥〗furniture是不可數(shù)名詞，表示件數(shù)要用量詞piece / set 。如：three pieces of furniture三件家具。
5. doubt懷疑；疑慮
I have no doubt that he will pass this examination .
〖點撥〗beyond doubt = out of doubt毫無疑問。
用于肯定句時用doubt if / whether …。用于否定句時用doubt that 。
單元詞組思維運用
1. have a seat = take a seat坐下
Entering the hall , he had a seat in the corner .
Have a seat and make yourself at home .
注意：have a seat用于直接引語。
2. long before = long time ago很久以前
She said that she had known your name long before .
注意：It wasn’t long before是一個常用句型，意為“不久”。before long不久以后
3. pay … a visit = pay a visit to對……進行參觀；對……進行訪問
That basketball team will pay Europe a visit before long .
注意：表示狀態(tài)的“在……參觀；在……訪問”用on a visit to 。如：These singers have been on a visit to Africa for a month .
4. in silence靜靜地 = silently
She alone sat under the tree in silence , looking straight forward .
5. again and again = over and over反復地；再三地
The student made the spelling mistakes again and again .
6. connect to連接；相連
Please connect the two speakers to the amplifier .
注意：connect with與……相連接；與……有聯(lián)系。如：She is connected with the Smiths .
7. see to處理；負責
I have some personal affairs that I have to see to .
Will you see to turning off the lights ?
8. have a good / pleasant journey一路順風；一路平安
I hope you have a good journey back to Guangzhou .
9. fasten … to… 把……栓在……；把……系在……
He fastened a rope to a post .
10. do repairs維修；修理
A few building repairs were done a week ago .
We must do a lot of repairs on the house before we move in .
11. no matter不要緊；沒關系
It’s no matter whether he will come or not .
注意：在It doesn’t matter 中，matter是動詞。
12. from that moment on從那一刻起
13. a long wait等很久
There will be a long wait before the next train comes .
Word came at last after a long wait .
14. in the dark在黑暗中
It was hard to find your pen in the dark .
15. be supposed to do應該干……
We are supposed to gather at the school gate at 7:30 .
16. a length of一段
She bought two lengths of silk .
What is the length of the report ?
17. send for派人去請；派人去取
I’ll send for the magazine tomorrow .
If bitten by a snake , you should send for help and don’t walk .
18. fire back開火還擊
No one was allowed to fire back unless the order was given .
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
單元難點疑點思路明晰
1. I've got some personal affairs that I have to see to . 我有些私事非處理不可。
〖明晰〗1) affair, business 作“事物”講時，這兩個詞的意義很相近，常可通用。
Mind your own affairs (business) . 少管閑事。
business不能用復數(shù)，而affair特別是指重大或頭緒較多的事務時，常需要復數(shù)，在下面的句子里，這兩個詞不能通用。
Each Ministry of Foreign Affairs lodged a protest with the other . 雙方外交部向對方外交部提出抗議。
Business before pleasure . 先辦正事，再談娛樂。
2)see to有“注意，照料，保證，修理，診治”等意思。例如：
Your shoes need seeing to . 你的鞋得修補了。
You ought to have your eyes seen to by a doctor . 你應該請醫(yī)生治眼睛。
2. I dare say my uncle will . I have no other relatives . 我認為我叔父會得到這筆錢，我沒有其他的親戚。
〖明晰〗1)I dare say 的意思并不是“I dare to say”，而是和“也許”幾乎同義或者等于“我想”。
I dare say you're right . 我看大概是對的。
I dare say it will come later . 我想它以后會來的。
2)dare用作情態(tài)動詞時，后接動詞原形，主要用于疑問句和否定句或者表示不肯定意義的各種從句中。例如：
Dare you ask him ? 你敢問他嗎？
I dare not go there . 我不敢去那兒。
That is as much as I dare spend . 我只敢花那么多的錢。
3)dare作主動詞時是規(guī)則動詞，用法如下：
a)表示“敢”，后接動詞不定式，也可省去to。例如：
I don't know how he dares to appear in public .
I've never dared go back to look . 我從來不敢回去看一下。
3. I think it will be necessary for me to pay you a visit and see where you live . 我想有必要去拜訪你，看看你住在什么地方。
〖明晰〗1)句中的it用作形式主語。例如：
Is it necessary for us to meet/necessary that we meet ?我們有見面嗎？
2)pay a visit (to someone or something)/pay (someone or something) a visit表示“（短時間）訪問（某人，某物）”；“參觀（某物）”。例如：
Shall we pay your brother a visit this afternoon ?
4. Do you see that hole high up in the wall, about 18 cm by 9 ? 你看到墻壁上方那個大約18厘米寬，9厘米高的洞沒有？
〖明晰〗1)句中的high用作副詞，指的是高矮；而highly表示很高的程度（意思往往是 very much）。
The plane flew high above . 飛機高高地在上空飛。
An eagle circled high overhead . 一只鷹在頭上高高盤旋。
The goods on display are all very highly priced . 這些展銷貨物標價都很高。
He speaks very highly of the boy's behaviour . 他十分贊賞孩子的行為。
2)about 18 cm by 9用作后置定語，修飾that hole，介詞by表示面積、 體積的長、寬、高。例如：
The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet . 房間寬十五英尺，長二十英盡。
5. Dr Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room . 我和華生就鎖在你的房間里過夜。
〖明晰〗1)第一人稱單數(shù)I與其他人連稱用時，通常的詞序是，第二、三人稱代詞在前， 第一人稱代詞在后。例如：
You and I can do it . 我和你都能做這件事。
You, Tom and I are to leave tonight . 我、你和湯姆今晚得離開。
2)句中的過去分詞locked用作方式狀語。例如：
Just then the old man entered (supported) by his son . 就在這時， 老人由兒子扶著走了進來。
He turned away (disappointed) . 他失望地走開了。
She went home (exhausted) . 她回到家時已精疲力盡了。
6. Immediately Holmes jumped up from the bed and struck a match . 福爾摩斯立即從床上跳起，劃燃一根火柴。
〖明晰〗The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise . 那位年輕的女士一聽到響聲就沖入房間。
第一例句中的 immediately 用作副詞， 表示“立刻， 立即”； 第二例句中的immediately用作副詞，表示“一……就……”，類似的說法還有instantly, directly, the moment, the minute, the instant等。例如：
I'll go there directly (=as soon as) I have finished my breakfast .
The moment I saw you I knew you were angry with me .
【妙文賞析】
A teacher asked his students some challenging ( 難以回答的，具挑戰(zhàn)性的 ) questions to find the most intelligent ( 聰明的 ) students . His first question was:
“ What can you get with one penny that can be used by the whole class for about an hour ? ”
After a while an answer came from a clever girl .
“ I can get a candle . The whole class can be lit up ( 照亮 ) with its light . ”
The teacher praised the student for her smart answer before asking the second question .
“ What can you get with one dollar which can be used by the whole class for a whole year ? ”
An answer came from monitor of the class .
“ If we put a calendar ( 掛歷 ) on the wall , we can use it for a whole year . ”
After warm applause of admiration ( 羨慕的掌聲 ) , the teacher presented his third question:
“ What can you get without paying anything that can be used for your whole life ? ”
This time there was no immediate response ( 答復 ) .
“ You get your name free of charge and you use it all your life . ” Again the clever girl won applause from the whole class .
Now came the teacher's last question:
“ What can you get which can be used after your death ? ”
Immediately he saw his favorite student open her mouth .
“ A coffin ( 棺材 ) , Sir . ”
【思維體操】
根據(jù)短文內容，在每個空白處填寫一個適當?shù)脑~（首字母已給出）：
It was a cold evening . Old Hill was in the ward（牢房）a____(1) . He was put there for stealing some v____(2) jewellery in a shop . He knew he would be in p____(3) for more than five years . C____(4) was coming and the other prisoners（囚犯）were set free . He couldn't talk with n____(5) . The policemen who guarded（看守）him were b____( 6) buying the presents for their families and friends . He lay down on bed, and he could not fall a____(7) though he often felt t____(8) when he tried to earn some money for his family .
Suddenly the old man h____(9) some noise . He sat up at once. The door o____(10) and in came two policeman. They put a young man into the ward, l____(11) the door and left. Old Hill looked at the young man up and down, who w____(12) the nicest clothes. “He must be from a r____(13) family, ”O(jiān)ld Hill said to himself. “But for what has he been b____(14) here too ?”
“What happened to you, young man ?”he asked .
“I was out of l____(15) this morning,”said the young man.“I had a puncture（扎穿）.”
“It's an o____(16) accident, I think. Did you drive over a n____(17)?”
“No, a wine bottle.”
“You were too c____(18) ! But you haven't broken any l____(19) , in my opinion.”
“But the drunkard（醉漢）who was l____(20) in the street had it hidden in his coat !”
答案與分析：
Old Hill由于偷盜貴重的珠寶被關進了監(jiān)獄。圣誕節(jié)快到了，牢房里只剩他一個人，他感到很寂寞。突然兩個警察把一個年輕人關進了牢房。他打量那個衣著講究的年輕人，可以判斷他出身一個富有家庭。他問年輕人是為何被關進監(jiān)獄。年輕人說他的汽車輪胎被酒瓶扎破了。Old Hill認為那也不犯法。最后年輕人拐彎抹角地說，那個酒瓶是在一個躺在街道上的醉漢的大衣里的（意思是他從醉漢身上碾了過去）。
1. 從后面所講的別的囚犯都釋放來看，Old Hill一個人在牢房里，要填alone。2. 從上下文可以得知，Old Hill由于偷盜貴重的珠寶才被關進監(jiān)獄的。因此，應填valuable。3. Old Hill偷盜了貴重的珠寶，就得在監(jiān)獄里呆五年多。應當填prison。4. 從監(jiān)獄的看守買禮物來看，是圣誕節(jié)到了。故應填Christmas。5. 另外幾個囚犯被釋放了，牢房里只剩Old Hill一個人，他也就無法和任何人說話了。應填nobody。6. 那些警察在圣誕節(jié)以前，忙于給親友買禮物。應當填busy。7. Old Hill感到寂寞，躺在床上也睡不著，要填asleep。8. Old Hill在掙錢養(yǎng)家的時候，自然很勞累。所以，應當填tired。9. 牢房有別的人，因此只要有動靜，Old Hill就會聽到的。應填heard。10. 門開了人才會進來。故應填opened。11. 警察在關進囚犯之后，先鎖了門才能離開。要填locked。12. 那個年輕人自然是穿著好衣服。應填wore。13. 年輕人穿著講究，當然是出身有錢人家庭。要直rich。14. Old Hill不知道那個年輕人為何也被帶到監(jiān)獄來。故應填brought。15. 年輕人認為他不走運，才出了那件事。應當填luck。16. 汽車輪胎扎破并不是大事故，而是一件很普通的事情。因此，應當填寫ordinary。 17. 一般情況下，汽車輪胎扎上釘子，才會被扎破的。要填nail。18. 年輕人說他從一個酒瓶上駛過去，才把輪胎扎破了。Old Hill 就說他太粗心了。要填careless。19. Old Hill認為，年輕人從灑瓶上駛過去也不犯法，故應填law。20. 從年輕人的回答可以看出，那個醉漢是躺在街道上的。實際上， 他的汽車從醉漢身上駛過去了。這也是他被帶到牢房的原因。要填lying。
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
過去分詞作定語、狀語
〖思維〗一、過去分詞作定語
1.過去分詞作定語時，單個分詞一般放在名詞之前，分詞短語必須放在名詞之后，這種情況與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時相同。例如：
Her job was to take care of the (wounded) soldier .
We are doing our (written) exercises .
The machine (run by the old worker) is made in Shanghai .
2.過去分詞作定語時，多表示已完成的動作，但有時其所表示的動作卻尚未完成或有待于將來完成。例如：
The houses (built in the 19th century) has been on fire for half and hour. （動作完成）
the workers demand (increased) wage . （尚未完成）
3. 及物動詞的過去分詞還可用來表示被動， 但也有少數(shù)動詞（如fall, escape, boil等）的過去分詞作定語時，只表示完成。例如：
the man spoken to（別人與之講話的那個人）
boiled water（開過的水，表完成）
〖思維〗二、過去分詞作狀語
1.過去分詞可用來作時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況的狀語。
1)表時間。例如：
(Heated), the metal expands .這種金屬加熱后會膨脹。
(Asked) why he did it, he said it was his duty .
2)表原因。例如：
(Born in the village), he knows a lot of people there .
3)表條件。例如：
(United), we stand; (divided), we fail .團結則存，分裂則亡。
(Given more time), I can do it better .
4)表讓步。
Although (exhausted) after a long journey, he continued to work .
5)表方式或伴隨情況。例如：
The professor stood there (surrounded) by many students .
〖思維〗三、尤其需要注意的是：過去分詞無論作什么狀語，其邏輯主語應是主句的主語。
1.【誤】Seen from the mountain, we found the building is very small .
【正】Seen from the mountain, the building is very small .
2.【誤】Written carelessly, he made a serious mistake in the letter .
【正】Written carelessly, the letter had a serious mistake .
【動腦動手】
單元能力立體檢測
一、過去分詞精練
1. The programs ____ (put) on yesterday evening were really wonderful.
2. ____ (send) to the hospital immediately, the wounded soldier was saved.
3. You'd better not get the plastic bags and boxes ____ (burn), for it will give off some harmful gas and pollutants into the air.
4. The firefighters are trying their best to rescue all the people ____ (trap) in the fire.
5. ____ (encourage) by the teacher's words, the boy was determined to work harder and make greater progress.
6. The little girl was very ____ (frighten) at a frightening voice.
7. They found the house ____ (break) into and rang up the police at once.
8. The bridge that was ____ (build) twenty years ago needs repairing.
9. If ____ (give) more time, we could do it better.
10. ____ (excite) at the good news, he could not go to sleep.
11. The manager had every room ____ (examine) carefully.
12. Unless ____ (invite), I won't go to the ball tomorrow.
13. ____ (destroy) in the earthquake, the equipment doesn't work.
14. ____ (absorb) in the research work, he had no time to make any trip.
15. In the paper is a carefully ____ (decide) policy.
16. The first film ____ (direct) by her was very popular with the public.
17. The students have cleared away the ____ (fall) leaves.
18. I saw a lot of banners ____ (hang) from public buildings.
科目 英語
年級 高三
文件 high3 unit10.doc
標題 The Trick (計謀)
章節(jié) 第十單元
關鍵詞 高三英語第十單元
內容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
■ 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語指南
Prediction , Conjecture and Belief (預見、猜測和相信)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語
1. I guess she's gone to visit some friends in another town . 我想她是去另一個城鎮(zhèn)拜訪朋友去了。
2. That's possible , but we can't be sure . 那有可能，但我們不能確定。
3. Something may have happened to her . 很可能他發(fā)生了啥事。
4. She might have + done … 她有可能已經(jīng)……
She might have left for holiday . 她有可能去度假了。
5. She must have + done …
She must have gone to the public library . 她一定是去公共圖書館了。
6. It seems that … 好象……
It seems that she has known the examination marks . 好象她已經(jīng)知道了考試的結果。
7. It looks as if … 好象……
It looks as if the boy is anxious about his sick father . 那個男孩好象很為有病的父親擔憂。
8. Obviously she's gone somewhere to stay . 很顯然她去別的某個地放了。
9. I 'm sure … 我可以肯定地是……
I 'm sure that you will be given a warm welcome . 你放心，你肯定能受到熱烈的歡迎的。
10. In actual fact , I think you're right . 實際上， 我倒認為你是對的。
11. I can't guess how much it costs . 我猜不出要多少錢。
12. Can you guess his age ?
13. He must come from the northwest . 他一定是來自西北。
14. You must be joking ! 你一定是在開玩笑 ！
15. They must have arrived by plane . 他們一定是乘飛機來的。
16. I seem to have caught a cold . 我似乎得了感冒。
17. It seems that he's not in at the moment . 他現(xiàn)在好象不在家里。
18. There seems no need to grow now . 現(xiàn)在似乎沒有必要去了。
19. It appears to be endless . 似乎沒有止境。
20. You appear to have travelled quite a lot . 你似乎去過了不少的地方。
21. It appeared that she had a taste for music . 她似乎很喜歡音樂。
22. I believe it to be true . 我相信這是真的。
23. I don't believe that it matters too much . 我認為這事關系不大。
24. There seems to be a good film tonight .
25. It seems that the petrol prices will increase this summer .
26. He can't have saved much money . 他不可能節(jié)約了很多的錢。
27. It's obvious that we are running out of our food . 很顯然我們的食物快用完了。
● Model Dialogues 交際示范
A：Excuse me , Where are you from ?
B：Can you guess ?
A：You must come from Australia , don't you ?
B：Yes , I do . How did you guess ?
A：The way you speak ! Which part of Australia are you from ?
B：Plumtree . That's a small village near Sydney .
A：Hello . May I speak to Mr Wu ?
B：Sorry he has gone to Guangzhou .
A：I saw him this morning . When did he leave ?
B：Twelve o'clock . He must have arrived by now .
A：Oh , what a pity ! When will he be back ?
B：It seems that he won't be back until next Wednesday .
A：Ok , thanks . Bye !
B：Bye !
■ 單元核心句型剖析
1. ( Lesson 37 ) It's not like her to have missed two days of classes .
一兩天不來上課，她不是這樣的人。
〖剖析〗It's (just) like sb to do sth “某人（恰�。┚褪沁@個樣子”，表示表揚或者不滿，其否定式則表示懷疑。如：
It's like him to leave the work to others . 他就是把工作推給別人的人。
It was like him to fail us at the last minute . 他就是這樣，在關鍵時刻讓我們失望。
It's just like her to think of others before thinking of herself . 她恰恰就是先人后己的人。
It isn't like him to have said anything like that .他可不是說出那種話的人。
It isn't like her to have spent so much money . 花掉這么多錢，我看這不像她做得出來的事。
◆ 下面兩句不一樣：It's not like her to have missed two days of classes .
一兩天不來上課，她不是這樣的人。（不上課的事已經(jīng)發(fā)生）
It's not like her to miss two days of classes .
她不是那種兩天不來上課的人。（并未發(fā)生過不上課的事，只是泛泛而談）
◆ to have missed 是非謂語動詞的完成式，表示動作早已完成。是高考測試中的重要知識點。又如：
（1）It isn't like him to have told a lie to the manager . 他不是給經(jīng)理撒謊的那種人吧。
（2）I'm glad to have seen your headmaster yesterday .
（3）He is said to have written a novel about the Long March . 據(jù)說他寫了一本關于長征的小說。
（4）They thought it a pity not to have invited them . 他們認為沒有邀請他們是令人遺憾的。
（5）I regretted to have missed such good chances . 我遺憾的是錯過了這些好機會。
2. （Lesson 39 ）The moment he entered the room , Bill fixed the chain across the door . 比爾一進入房間，就用鏈條把臥室的門扣上。
〖剖析〗這是復合句，其句型為：the + 時間名詞 + 時間從句 + 主句。the moment … 表示“一……就”，相當于 as soon as 。注意從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。如：
We started the moment we got your telegram .
The moment I heard your voice I knew that you were very angry with me .
The moment he comes , let me know .
The moment you set foot on Chinese soil you will see what great changes have taken place in the past 5o years .
◆ 在中學英語中，一些名詞詞組具有連詞的作用，現(xiàn)歸納如下，供同學們學習參考。
◇ the + 瞬間名詞 (instant , moment , minute , etc . ) ，意為“一……就……”。例如：
The instant the result came out she told us about it . 結果一出來，她就告訴了我們。
The machine starts the moment the button is pressed . 一按電鈕，機器就開動了。
◇ the + 季節(jié)名詞 (spring , summer , autumn , winter)。例如：
He came back the autumn his sister got married . 他妹妹結婚的那年秋天他回來了。
Jack went to Beijing the winter his mother was ill . 他媽媽有病的那年冬天杰克去了北京。
◇ the + 序數(shù)詞 + time。例如：
The second time we met , he replied to a lot of questions . 我們第二次見面時，他回答了不少問題。
He came to see my mother the first time he came to London . 他第一次到倫敦就來看我母親。
◇ 不定代詞 each , every , any + time。例如：
Each time he came to Paris he would visit the museum . 他每次到巴黎都要去參觀那個博物館。
You're welcome to come back any time you want to . 你什么時候回來，我們都歡迎你。
◇ the + day , week , year……。例如：
He called on me the day he arrived . 他到的那天來看我了。
Tom didn't go to school the week the teacher was ill . 老師生病的那個星期，湯姆沒去上學。
◇ 其它詞組。例如：
I didn't see how he could act the way he did . 我不懂他怎么能那樣做。
He doesn't study hard the way his elder brother does . 他不像他哥哥那樣努力地學習。
■ 單元語法難點排除
直接引語變間接引語的 10 個注意點
本單元的語法要求是復習間接引語（Indirect Speech）和直接引語( Direct Speech )。同學們要通過本單元系統(tǒng)掌握表示請求或者命令的直接引語（祈使句）變成間接引語的方法。掌握當直接引語是一個陳述句時，在變成間接引語時應把這個陳述句變成由連詞 that 引導的賓語從句，并根據(jù)意思改變人稱和時態(tài)以及時間或者地點狀語。下面是必須靈活駕馭的知識要點：
〖注意點 1 〗直接引語到間接引語的時態(tài)有變化。如直接引語的現(xiàn)在完成時變成間接引語的過去完成時等。時態(tài)變化中應注意：
直接引語表述的是客觀真理時，間接引語中的時態(tài)不變。
Our teacher said , “The earth moves around the sun . ” →
Our teacher said that the earth moves around the sun .
直接引語是過去完成時，變間接引語時時態(tài)不變。
The boy said to his parents , “I had finished my homework before supper .”→
The boy told his parents that he had finished his homework before supper .
直接引語變成間接引語時，虛擬語氣不變。
“We wish we didn't have to take exams . ”said the children . →
The children said that they wished they didn't have to take exams .
〖注意點 2 〗 指示代詞、人稱代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語及方向性動詞也有變化。如直接引語中的 now變?yōu)?nbsp; 間接引語的 then 等。
注意如果轉述發(fā)生在當?shù)�、當天的事，直接引語中的 come , here , today , this morning , yesterday , tomorrow 等不必改變。
He said , “I want this . ”→ He said that he wanted that .
He said , “I arrived yesterday morning .” → He said he had arrived the morning before .
He said , “I'll come here this evening .”→ He said he would come here this evening .
〖注意點 3 〗直接引語是陳述句，間接引語為 that 引導的賓語從句。
She said to me , “I'm studying Japanese these days .”→
She told me (that)she was studying Japanese those days .
〖注意點 4 〗 直接引語是一般疑問句時，間接引語為whether / if 引導的賓語從句。
Mr Howe asked , “Are you preparing for it ?”→
Mr Howe asked whether we were preparing for it .
如果是表示建議時可用 suggest / advise 來完成。
“Shall we meet at the theatre ?”he said . → He suggested that we should meet at the theatre . = He suggested meeting at the theatre .
〖注意點 5 〗 直接引語是特殊疑問句時，間接引語為連接代詞（副詞）引導的賓語從句。
He asked , “Which one do you like best ?”→ He asked which one you liked best .
〖注意點 6 〗 直接引語是反意疑問句時，間接引語為 whether / if 引導的賓語從句。
He asked , “You have succeeded , haven't you ?”→ He asked us if we had succeeded .
也可以將疑問部分的主語作間接引語中的賓語。
“Shut the door , will you ?”→ He told / asked me to shut the door .
〖注意點 7 〗 直接引語是祈使句時應把間接引語的句式改為 ask , tell , order 等+ 賓語 + 不定式。間接引語有時可以用 that 引導的賓語從句。以 let 開頭的祈使句變間接引語時要選用 suggest + ing ， suggest + that 從句，ask sb to do , advise sb to 。
The Party secretary said , “Let's do our best to win still greater victory .”→ The Party secretary advised that we should do our best to win still greater victory .
〖注意點 8 〗直接引語是感嘆句時可以用 what / how 引導。間接引語是祝愿時用 wish 。
“ How fast he runs ! ”he said . → He said how fast he ran . = He said that he ran very fast .
He said ,“Happy new year ! ”→ He wished me a happy new year .
〖注意點 9 〗 直接引語中有多種句式時，間接引語按照各自的句式轉換。
“I can hardly hear the radio .”he said .“Could you turn it up ?”→
He said he could hardly hear the radio and asked me to turn it up .
〖注意點 10 〗如果直接引語中后一句說明前一句的原因時，可以用 as 來替代第二句的引導詞。
“You'd better wear a coat . It's very cold outside .”he said .→
He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold outside .
【指點迷津】
■ 單元重點新詞透視
1. pause 作名詞或者動詞是“ 中止，暫停”
He often paused in his speech . 他講演時常常停下來。
He made a short pause and then went on reading . 他停頓了一下，然后接著讀下去。
〖測試要點〗
(1) 辨析 pause 和 stop
pause 是短暫的中斷或停止。stop 是突然、斷然的終止。
He stopped talking with his friends . 他停止與朋友交談。（stop + ing 停止干）
He stopped to talk with his friends . 他停下來與朋友交談。（stop + to do 停下來干）
The foreign guests paused to look round the park . 那些外賓在公園里停下來看看四周。
He began to speak but suddenly stopped .
The speaker paused for breath .
Jane paused to look into a shoe window . 簡停下腳步，看一看櫥窗。
（2）詞組：at pause 中止，停頓。make a pause 停頓一下。without a pause 沒有休息。pause on / upon 在……停頓一下。
2. aloud 大聲地；出聲地
She cried aloud for help . 她大聲呼救。
Read the text aloud please . 請朗讀課文。
〖測試要點〗辨析 aloud , loud , loudly
aloud 強調發(fā)出的聲音雖然不一定很大，但能聽得見，不是竊竊私語。aloud 沒有比較級。
He read the letter aloud .
He reads the story aloud to his young son . 他朗讀那篇故事給他小兒子聽。
He laughed loudly . 他大笑起來。
think （out） aloud 自言自語
She has a good pronunciation when she reads aloud .
loud 作副詞 = loudly ,“響亮地，大聲地，高聲地” 但強調發(fā)出的音量大，傳得遠的聲音，一般多用于動詞 speak , talk , laugh , read 等的后面。loud 還作形容詞，有比較級和最高及。
In order to be heard , the teacher speaks loud and clear .
We shouted as loud / loudly as we could . = We shouted at the top of our voices / lungs .
Speak louder , please . I can't hear you .
You are talking too loud .
He told us that in a loud voice .
All of us dislike loud music .
Will you please speak a little louder ?
loudly 作副詞是“響亮地”，強調“喧囂”之意。
Suddenly , the bell on the wall rang loudly .
Someone knocked loudly at the door .
The bomb exploded loudly (= with a loud noise ) .
3. fear 作名詞或者動詞“害怕，恐懼，擔憂”
She feared for the little boy's safety .
There is no fear of his losing his way . 他不會迷路的。
I fear that I am late . = I'm afraid that I am late .
I have a fear that we will be late . = I'm afraid we will be late .
〖測試要點〗
(1) 用于簡略回答中。
―Is she going to die ?
― I fear so . 恐怕如此。
A: Will he get well ?
B: I fear not . 恐怕不會好了。
(2) for fear (that) 由于害怕，生怕，以免。后跟的從句中用情態(tài)動詞 might , would , should 。
I took an umbrella with me for fear (that) it should rain . 我因為怕下雨而帶雨傘去。
4. aircraft 飛機；航空器（包括飛機、直升機、滑翔機、飛艇、熱氣球等）；飛艇
The airline has ordered 25 new aircraft . 這家航空公司定購了 25 架飛機。
〖測試要點〗
aircraft 是集合名詞，單復數(shù)一樣。在測試中必須注意不要在其后加 -s 。
by aircraft 用航空器（注意中間不要加 the ），相當于 by plane , by air , by airplane , by aeroplane 。
5. flight 樓梯的一段。
He lives two flights up . 他住的地方還要再上兩段樓梯。
She fell down a flight of stairs . 她從一段樓梯上摔了下來。
〖測試要點〗辨析 flight 和 stair
flight 是“一段樓梯”。stair 是“一層后臺階”�？梢� flight 范圍大于 stair，也就是說，flight 是由一層一層的stair 組成。另外，flight 還作“飛行，飛翔，航班，射程”講。
How long is the flight to New York ?
She took the two o'clock flight to Chicago . 她搭兩點飛往芝加哥的航班。
Did you have a good flight ? 這躺飛機還好吧 ？
The flight of stairs wants repairing .
His room is three flights up . 他的房間在 3 段樓梯上面。
■ 單元重點詞組掃瞄
1. be worried about 為……發(fā)愁，焦急，擔心
He was worried about / over her health .
2. turn up 出現(xiàn)；向上翻；扭亮燈，開大音量
He promised to come but hasn't turned up yet . 他答應來，但還沒有露面。
She turned her nose up at the idea . 她對這個主意翹起了鼻子。（表示蔑視）
He turned up the ends of his trousers . 他卷起了褲腿。
Please turn up the radio a little . It's too low .
Something unexpected may have turned up .
〖測試要點〗會辨析使用由 turn 構成的詞組：
turn against 背叛。turn away from 把臉從……轉過來。turn back 折回，把……逐回。turn down翻下衣領，調小，關小。turn in 歸還，遞交。turn off 關掉。turn on 打開。turn over 翻倒,仔細考慮。turn to 轉向，求助于。by turns = in turn(s) 輪流，依次。take turns at +doing 輪流干。
We take turns at cooking . = We cook by turns .
They sang on the stage in turn .
We drove the car by turns . = We took turns at driving the car .
The key you lost has turned up . 你遺失的鑰匙已經(jīng)找到。
I turned to him for advice .
A big wave turned over the fishing boat .
It turned out that two passengers had been killed .
Everything turned out well . 一切順遂。
Don't turn on the TV now .
Turn off the lights before you go out .
Please turn down the television .
We had better turn back now , for it is getting dark .
She turned away and cried .
Nothing can make me turn against my company .
3. at least = at the least 至少
The food wasn't good but at least it was cheap .
注意區(qū)別：not in the least 一點也不，絲毫不。
He is not in the least angry .
4. What / How + about … 干……怎么樣？……好嗎 ？
How / What about a cup of coffee ?
〖測試要點〗What / How about 后可接名詞 （或者動名詞、代詞）
How / What about taking a walk ?
How about going to Qingdao for our holidays ?
Some of them have gone . How about the others ?
What about us having a break under the tree ?
5. in actual fact = in fact = in reality = as a matter of fact = actually 其實，事實上
I thought she was six , but in actual fact , she's only four .
1. pick up 得到，獲得，收聽到，拾起，中途讓某人上車
This kind of radio can pick up the programmes broadcasting by BBC. 這種收音機接受 BBC電臺的節(jié)目比較容易。
He had picked it up from a research station in the desert the day before . 這是他前一天從沙漠地區(qū)的研究所取來的。
2. glance over = glance ( one's eyes ) over 隨便看一看，瀏覽 。
Oh , he didn't study it . He only glanced over it . 噢，他沒有研究過它，只粗略地看了一看。
glance over 有時相當于 look over , glance through。在課文中的 … then glanced over his shoulder before continuing down the street . (然后他回頭望了望，就又沿街走去。)
最好一段中的 glance at 為“對……瞥一眼”。He glanced at his watch once again .
3. have a sudden thought 突然想出一個主意
I still remember he had a sudden thought in time of danger . 我至今記得他當時在危險的緊急關頭想出了辦法。
have … thought of / about 有……的辦法，有……想法，有……打算
I had no thought of hurting his feeling . 我無意傷害他的感情。
I had some thoughts of going to the countryside . 我想到鄉(xiāng)下去。
Have you got any thoughts about next weekend ? 你下周有啥打算 ？
4. in a flash 瞬息，剎那間
In a flash he remembered everything and a plan began to form in his mind .
An idea formed in my mind in a flash . 我腦子里閃出一個想法。
5. hold out 伸出，拿出
He held out his hand and stopped a taxi . 他伸手攔了一輛出租車。
6. on one's arrival ……一到達
On his arrival he went straight to the counter . 他一到達就徑直向服務臺走去。
7. in uniform 身著制服
Do you know the man in uniform over there ? 你認識那邊身著制服的人嗎 ？
8. appear calm 外表顯得很鎮(zhèn)靜（注意這里 appear 是系動詞，故后接形容詞 calm ，不要用 calmly ）
9. with fear 害怕地
10. have a look around = look around = look about = look round 環(huán)顧四周
11. follow sb upstairs 跟某人上樓 (注意upstairs 為副詞，其前不要加 to ）。又如：go upstairs / downstairs
12. break into 非法進入，破門而入；闖入
We had to break into the room as we had lost the key .
This box looks as if it's been broken into . 看來這箱子有人撬過。
13. walk over to 走到……處
14. by name 名叫；指名道性地
The assistant , Tom by name , is asking to see you . 一個名叫湯姆的售貨員要求見你。
He call call all his students by name . 他能叫出所有學生的名字。
by the name of 名叫，以……身份
A friend of mine by the name of Mike will be your manager . 我的一個名叫邁克的朋友要成為你們的經(jīng)理。
15. walk around 在……隨便轉轉
16. with sunglasses = wear sunglasses 戴著墨鏡
17. smile to oneself 暗自微笑
The man with the beard smiled to himself .
Bill smiled to himself and began to feel less anxious .
I saw Mary smile to herself as she read the funny article .
注意類似的表達還有： think to oneself 暗想，say to oneself 自言自語。
18. take the lift to the fourth floor 乘電梯到四樓
19. get in a taxi 上出租車。get out of a taxi 下出租車。
20. say one's name aloud 大聲說出某人的名字
1. make a lot of money 賺一大筆錢
2. for a moment 一下子，片刻，一會兒
注意：for the moment 目前，暫時
3. get on the aircraft to 乘飛機去……
4. It is perfect for 對……妙極了
5. force sth open 強行打開
注意：open 作賓補。如：The boxes of precious stones were forced open . 一箱箱寶石被強行打開。
6. break off 打斷，折斷，突然停止，休息，絕交
He broke off a branch and gave it to me .
Tom broke off telling the story to answer the telephone . 湯姆講故事時突然停下來，去接電話。
She broke off with her best friend . 她與自己最好的朋友斷絕了往來。
Let's break off for ten minutes . = Let's have a rest for ten minutes .
7. a flight of twelve stairs 一節(jié) 12 級臺階
8. turn round / about 轉身，轉向
They turned round and stood in the middle of the room , completely astonished .
9. lead up to 向上通到……
10. be curious about 對……好奇
11. escape from 從……逃離
12. make a telephone call to 給……打電話
13. play a trick on 給……開玩笑
14. be ashamed of 對……感到慚愧
15. as busy as a bee 忙忙碌碌
16. a flash of lightning 一道閃電
17. be supposed to do 應該干 ……
1. not do any shopping 不買任何東西
2. send a telegram to sb 給某人發(fā)電報
3. shake with fear 嚇得直哆嗦
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
●從單元中詞匯中的“靜”說起
第 28 課中出現(xiàn)了 calm (鎮(zhèn)靜的，沉著的)，除calm 表達漢語“靜”外還有：quiet , silent , peaceful 和 still。現(xiàn)就其用法歸納如下：
1. 形容天氣的“溫和”、“平靜”、“寂靜”時，這四個詞基本通用。如：
a calm day 平靜的日子，a quiet night 寂靜之夜，a silent , moonless night 一個寂靜、沒有月亮的夜晚
2. 形容湖、海、洋的“平靜”用 calm , quiet 和 still。如：
The sea is very calm . 海面很平靜。
The high wind passed and the sea was calm again . 大風過后，海又平靜下來。
The waters of the lake were quiet yesterday . 昨天湖面平靜。
Still waters run deep . 靜水流深。
3. 形容人的“冷靜”、“鎮(zhèn)靜”用calm。如：
Keep calm ! 冷靜點!
He is always calm even in times of trouble .
He seemed to be calm , but that deceived nobody . 他看上去是一副鎮(zhèn)靜模樣，但其實誰也騙不了。
4. 形容人的“靜默”用 quiet , silent。如：
He remained quiet throughout the meeting . 整個會議期間他保持沉默。
5. 形容人的性情溫和、文靜用 quiet。含沒有明顯的運動和聲音。如：
a quiet girl 文靜的女孩
My parents are quiet people . They never go out in the evening . 父母愛靜，晚上從不外出。
This hospital lies in a quiet street .
6. 形容人“靜止”用 still。still 含寂然不動，鴉雀無聲。如：
Please stand still while I take your picture . 我為你拍照時，請站好別動。
Right now you need to stay still . 現(xiàn)在你需要靜靜地呆著。
The boy couldn't keep still in the doctor's chair . 孩子在醫(yī)生的椅子上一刻也坐不住。
7. 表達“安靜”，quiet , silent , still 都能用。如：
Be quiet / silent . 請安靜。
a quiet room 安靜的房間
The audience was quite still . 全場聽眾幾乎鴉雀無聲。
The town was still in the early hours of the morning . 清晨時刻整個城鎮(zhèn)靜靜的。
The building was usually very quiet . 那樓通常很安靜。
體會下面表人時他們之間的區(qū)別：
They stood calm ( quiet , silent , still ). 他們鎮(zhèn)靜地（安靜地、默不作聲地、一動不動地）站著。
● 當心試題中的“分離現(xiàn)象”
解題時，經(jīng)常會遇到這類題目，原句式結構或動詞短語等被某些成份分離，或出于語法上的需要而使其從原結構中分離出來，從而增強了試題的干擾性，加大了試題的難度。碰到此題目時，不能被其表面現(xiàn)象所迷惑，必須從句子的整體結構去理解，看清試題的本來面目。
◇ 主謂被分隔造成謂語動詞的誤用。
在主謂之間加入一個介詞短語或一個從句，往往會使考生誤把介詞賓語作為主語或把從句中謂語當成主句謂語，造成謂語動詞的誤用。如：
All but one ____ here just now .
A . is B . was C . has been D . were
該題答案為D，但考生往往把 one 看作主語，誤選B。
The day we looked forward to ____ at last .
A . come B . came C . coming D . comes
由于把人句中 looked forward to 看作謂語，故錯選了C。實際上本句是缺少謂語，應選B。
◇ 從句被狀語分隔，造成關系詞與連詞的誤用，或由于行文需被分隔造成錯誤。
在先行詞與定語從句之間加入一個時間狀語或地點狀語，易使考生誤把地點或時間當成先行詞而誤用關系詞。同位語從句與其同位的名詞被分隔，易造成連詞的誤用。如：
I met the teacher in the street yesterday ____ taught me English three years ago .
A . which B . when C . where D . who
若把 yesterday 誤當作先行詞，會導致錯選B，而其實 teacher 是先行詞，應選D。
The news has come from Beijing , ____ an important meeting is being held there .
A . where B . in that C . that D . which
若把 Beijing 看成先行詞，則會導致其后面的從句誤看作定語從句而錯選A。實際上逗號后的句子是 news 的同位語從句，答案應為C�？椭薪Y構是為了保持句子的平衡。
◇ 習語中間插入其他詞造成分隔，導致用詞搭配錯誤如：
We waited ____ line for the bus .
A . for B . in C . on D . with
此句易受習語 wait for 的影響而誤選A，其實句中 wait for 已被分隔，應選B。
◇ 因倒裝而引起的分隔造成謂語動詞的誤用。
有些倒裝句易使考生誤判句子主語而錯用了謂語動詞。如：
At that time on it ____ 2200 people .
A . was B . is C . are D . were
若把 it 看成主語，則會誤選A。其實主語為 people , 應選D。
◇ 其他分隔引起的錯誤。如：
We'll do all we can ____ them .
A . help B . to help C . helped D . have helped
由于定語從句用了省略形式，往往把 can 當成從句謂語的一部分，導致誤選A。其實這是不定式用作目的狀語，應選B。
◇ 定語從句中的分離現(xiàn)象
There are 800 students in the playground of our school , 55% ____ are girls .
A . of them B . in them C . of which D . of whom
此題考查的是非限制性定語從句，先行詞和定語從句被地點狀語分隔開來，故選D。若此題改逗號為分號，則應選A，因為分號表示前后兩句意義上相互聯(lián)系，結構上相對獨立。
He is one of those students who , I am sure , always do ____ best .
A . his B . their C . my D . one's
從表面上看答案似乎是C，但如果注意到前面的 who , 答案就明確了。此題定語從句中的關系代詞 who 和謂語動詞 do 被 I am sure 分隔開來了。因此正確答案為B。
◇ 連鎖疑問句中的分離現(xiàn)象
____ would you say ____ be done ?
A . Why , it should B . Why , should it
C . What , should it D . How , that it should
此題不少學生錯選D。原因是不了解此結構是連鎖疑問句。其結構為“疑問詞+一般問句+特殊問句的其余部分”，往往用來征詢對某一疑問點的判斷、認識、看法、猜度等。在這種問句中一般問句部分常見的動詞有 think , guess , say , suppose , hope , imagine , believe等。此題中疑問詞被移至句首，故選A。
― I haven't heard from him for a long time .
― What do you suppose ____ to him ?
A . was happening B . to happen C . has happened D . had happened
粗心者十有八九會選B。實質上此題也是一種連鎖疑問句，特殊問句中的 what 移至句首。該句強調的是過的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時，故選C。
◇ 動詞短語中的分離現(xiàn)象
If better use is ____ your space time , you'll make greater progress in that .
A . spent B . taken C . made of D . used for
此題正確答案為C。乍一看，選C似乎不可思議，認為“be made of”應是“由……制成”之意。實質上此題考查的是短語“make use of”的用法，use 從原結構中分離出來充當條件句中的主語，因此謂語動詞用被動式。
What idea can a man who is blind from birth have ____ colour ?
A . of B . in C . for D . with
不少學生誤選B，認為“在顏色這方面”。其實此題考查的是“have (some , little , no…)idea of”結構。其中 who is blind from birth 是修飾 a man 的定語從句。該句中的“what idea”是疑問詞被移至句首，故選A。
◇ 不定式復合結構中的分離現(xiàn)象
Who did the teacher have ____ an article for the wall newspaper just now ?
A . written B . writing C . write D . to writer
做此題時，首先要理清句子結構，理解 have 的確切含義， have 在此句中意為“請(讓、叫)”。該句考查的是“have sb . do sth . ”結構，have 的受動賓語疑問詞 who 被移至句首，故選C。
Whom had you better ____ it ?
A . to let do B . let to do C . to let to do D . let do
此題考查兩種結構的用法：1 . had better do sth . ; 2 . let sb . do sth . 。此題題意為“你最好讓誰做這件事呢 ? ”let 的受動賓語 whom 移到了句首，故選D。
◇ 主謂一致中的分離現(xiàn)象
Everybody in our country , men and women , old and young , ____ sports and games .
A . enjoy B . were enjoying C . enjoys D . are enjoying
此題主語和謂語被同位語分隔了。同位語對主語只起修飾、解釋、說明的作用，不影響 everybody 的單數(shù)性質，故此題選C。
Miss Green as well as Mr and Mrs Green ____ devoted ____ spare time to the research work .
A . has ; her B . have ; their C . have ; her D . has ; their
此題正確答案為A。當主語后面跟 as well as , with , together with , but , including , besides 等連接的名詞或代詞時，謂語動詞和其前面的名詞或代詞在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致。
【妙文賞析】
科普系列閱讀 （二）
◆ Rockets in the Sky
What is the sky ? Where is it ? How high is it ? What lies above the sky ? I am sure that you have asked questions like these . They are very difficult to answer , aren't they ?
Perhaps we can answer some of these questions now . What is the sky ? It is vast space . Where is the sky ? It is all around the world . In the sky there is the sun , the moon , and all the stars .
Scientists have always wanted to know more about space . They use telescopes to obtain information . But this is not enough . So they want to send men to some of the other worlds in space .
The moon is the nearest heavenly body to the earth . An airplane cannot fly to the moon , because the air only reaches a height of 240 kilometres . Then there is no air . But a rocket can fly even when there is on air .
A rocket is made of metal there is a hot gas inside it . When it rushes out of the end of the rocket , the rocket is pushed up into the air .
Rockets can fly far out into space . Rockets have already taken men to the moon . One day they may be able to go anywhere in space.
NOTES : ⑴ vast adj . 廣闊 ⑵ obtain v . 獲得
EXERCISES: 請回答下列問題
⑴ What is the sky and where is it ?
⑵ In order to know more about space , what did scientists do ?
⑶ Why can't we fly to the moon in an airplane ?
⑷ what pushes a rocket up into the air ?
⑸ Can we be sure men will be able to go anywhere in space one day ?
〖譯文與答案〗
空中火箭
天空是什么？它在哪兒？它有多高？天空的上方存在著什么？我確信你問過類似這樣的問題。這些問題是很難回答的，不是嗎？
或許現(xiàn)在我們能夠回答這些問題中的一些。天空是什么？它是廣闊的空間。天空在哪里？它遍及全球。天空中有太陽、月亮以及所有的星星。
科學家們總是想更多地了解太空。他們用望遠鏡來獲取信息，但這是不夠的。因此他們要把人送到太空中的其他星球上去。
月球是離地球最近的天體。飛機不能飛到月球上去，是因為飛機只能到達 24 萬米的高度，再往上就沒有空氣了，但火箭即便在無空氣時也能飛行。
火箭由金屬制成，里成有一種熱的氣體，氣體從火箭末端沖出來時，火箭被推向空中。
火箭能夠飛出地球進入太空。火箭已經(jīng)載人到了月球。會有那么一天，它們也許能夠進入太空的任何地方。
答案：⑴ The sky is vast space and it is all around the world . ⑵ They used telephones to obtain information and they wanted to send men to some of the other worlds in space . ⑶ Because the air only reaches a height of 240 kilometres , then there's no air . ⑷ A rocket is made of metal . There's a hot gas inside it . When it rushes out of the end of the rocket , the rocket is pushed up into the air .
◆ Flying
Men have always wanted to fly like birds . Birds can fly easily because they are light , but men's bodies are heavier .
Men first went up into the air in balloons . These are big bags , and they are filled with gas . Hydrogen is a useful gas for balloons . It is lighter than air . Helium is also lighter than air , but it costs a lot of money . So balloons were (and are ) usually filled with hydrogen .
Balloons have to fly with the wind as they have no engines to drive them against it . Later , men made airships . These were balloons with engines , but they were also filled with hydrogen and some of them caught fire because the hydrogen escaped and the engines heated it . Then the airship was completely burnt in a few seconds .
Aircraft with wings now take people across the world . Powerful engines drive these machines across the sky . Some of the engines are like the engines of cars , but they are more powerful .
There is another kind of engine which we call the jet engine . An English engineer invented the jet engine . In May 1942 his new engine was fixed in an aircraft , and the aircraft flew quite well . At the same time he Germans were also building a jet engine ; but neither country told the other , of course .
Jet engines are very powerful . Usually two , three or four are enough for an aeroplane ; but some big aircraft have six . Anyone in a moving jet plane can feel the power of the engines . Jet planes can travel faster than sound (Sound travels at about 1100 feet a second . That is about 760 miles an hour .) As a flying jet plane leaves its noise behind it , we do not hear it until it has gone .
Notes : ⑴ hydrogen n .氫氣 ⑵ helium n . 氦氣 ⑶ be filled with 充滿
Exercises : 請回答下列問題
⑴ Which costs more money , balloons filled with hydrogen or those filled with helium ?
⑵ What were airships ?
⑶ Why did some of the airships catch fire ?
⑷ When was the first jet engine fixed in an aircraft ?
⑸ How many jet engines are usually enough for an aeroplane ?
〖譯文與答案〗
飛 行
人類總想像鳥一樣地飛行。鳥兒能夠輕易地飛行是因為它們身體輕，但是人類的軀體可就重多了。
人類最初是通過氣球進入空中的，這些氣球是充滿氣體的大袋子。氫氣對于氣球來說是一種有用的氣體，它比空氣輕多了。氦也是一種比空氣輕的氣體，但是它太昂貴了，因此氣球通常都是裝滿氫氣的。
由于氣球沒有發(fā)動機來作動力，所以氣球不得不順風飛行。后來，人類創(chuàng)造了飛艇，它們是具有發(fā)動機的氣球，但不是圓的，而是長的，發(fā)動機在后面。它們也是被充滿氫氣；其中一些不幸失火，是由于氫氣泄漏后發(fā)動機加熱而引燃，幾秒鐘之后，飛艇就整個燃燒起來。
現(xiàn)在有翼的飛機可以帶著人們穿越世界，強有力的發(fā)動機載著機器橫過天空，一些發(fā)動機就像小汽車一樣，但比它們的功率大得多。
還有一種我們稱之為噴氣式裝置的發(fā)動機。一位英國工程師發(fā)明了這種噴氣式發(fā)動機。1941 年5月，他發(fā)明的新發(fā)動機安裝在一個飛機里，這個飛機飛行得很好。與此同時，德國人也建造了一個噴氣式飛機發(fā)動機，當然兩個國家都沒告訴對方。
噴氣式發(fā)動機馬力很大。通常在一個飛機里裝有兩個、三個或四個已經(jīng)足夠了，但一些大的飛機要裝六個。在一個正在運動著的噴氣式飛機里，任何一個人都可以感覺到這些發(fā)動機的力量。噴氣式飛機的速度要比聲音的傳播速度快（聲音一 秒鐘傳播約1100英尺，也就是1 小時傳播760 英里）。一個飛行著的噴氣式飛機只有它飛過后我們才可聽到噪聲。
答案：⑴ Balloon filled with helium . ⑵ Airships were balloons with engines , but they were not round .They were long , and the engines were at the back . ⑶ Because airships were also filled with hydrogen and some of them caught fire because hydrogen escaped and the engines heated it . Then the airship was completely burnt . ⑷ In May , 1941 . ⑸ Usually two , three or four are enough for an aeroplane , but some big aircraft have six .
【思維體操】
It happened in a small village . The weather was bad and the farmers couldn't get good harvests . Most people were poor and few of them could send their children to school . Only Robert whose uncle was a policeman and worked in a town was in school for three years . So he thought himself the cleverest man in the world and always looked down upon others . One evening the young man went out for a walk and saw several farmers talking under a big tree . He joined them and soon he thought they were all foolish .
“Well , Mr Know-all , ”said an old farmer . “Are you good at guessing any riddles ?”
“Yes , I can guess all kinds of riddles !”the young man said without thinking .
“Please listen to me , then , ”said the old man . “Mr Smith has seven children . Autumn came and the apples were ripe . So he sent one to hold the ladder , two to pick apples and three to take the fruit home . And how many stayed at home ? ”
Mr Know-all thought for a long time and answered , “One ! ”
“You are wrong , ”a little boy returned . “Two persons stayed at home ! ”
All the farmers began to laugh at the young man . And do you know why ?
〖釋疑〗There were eight people in the house (Mr Smith and his seven children ) . The farmer sent six to work in the garden . So there were two people left at home .
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
■ 單元熱點測試突破
易錯�？嫉摹扒閼B(tài)動詞+ have done”結構
在本單元出現(xiàn)了多處 “情態(tài)動詞+ have done”表達推測。如：Something may have happened to her . 該結構經(jīng)常用于 NMET 測試中，請同學們勿必引起高度的重視。下面是常見的形式：
◇ must + have done (have been doing) 表示對過去情況的推測，只用于肯定句，意思是“一定……”。對過去的否定推測用 couldn't have + done 。對現(xiàn)在的否定推測用 can't be 。
Her eyes were red , she must have been crying . 她兩眼通紅，一定一直在哭。
You must have left your handbag in the theatre last night , I think . 我想你一定把手提包丟在劇場了。
He can't be Li Ming . Li Ming is taller than him by a head .
She couldn't have gone to the cinema yesterday afternoon , because he was staying with us all the day long .
◇ should (ought to) + have done 表示“本來應該做而實際上沒做”，其否定式則表示“本來不該做而實際上做了”，常含有責備的語氣。
You should have been here five minutes ago . 五分鐘之前你就應該到這里了。
How I regretted the days when I had played and should have studied . 我多么懊悔我本應該好好學習的日子都玩掉了!
◇ could + have done 表示“本來有能力做而實際上沒有做”。
― We could have walked to the station , it was so near . 這么近，我們完全能走著來車站。
― Yes . A taxi was not at all necessary . 是呀，根本不必搭車的。
I could have won if I hadn't fallen over . 要不是摔倒，我準能贏。
◇ needn't + have done 表示“本來不必做的事，實際上做過了�！�
I got up early , but needn't have done so , because I had nothing to do that morning . 那天早上我起得很早，可我根本不必起這么早，因為我無事可做。
You needn't have written such a long article . The teacher only asked for 300 words , and you have written 600 words . 你沒有必要寫這么長的文章，老師只要求寫300字，你寫了600字。
◇ would like to have done 表示“本來希望做而卻未做的事”。
I'd like to have gone to college . 我要是上大學就好了。
I'd like to have seen his face when he opened the letter . 我真想看到他拆信時的臉色。
◇ can (could) + have done (have been doing) 表示對過去情況的推測，只用于否定和疑問句中，意為“一定沒有……，一定不會……”。用 could 比用 can 語氣更加委婉些。
He couldn't have gone to bed , you see , the light in his room is still on .
他一定還沒有睡，瞧他房間的燈還亮著呢。
Where is Dick ? Where can he have gone ? Can he have been working ? 狄克在哪兒呢 ? 他會去哪兒呢 ? 他能一直干活嗎 ?
◇ may (might) + have done (have been doing) 表示對過去的推測，多用于陳述句，意思是“可能……”。用 might 比用 may 語氣更加委婉。
I may have misunderstood him . 我可能誤解他了。
She might have taken the book with her , I suppose . 我想她可能把書帶走了。
They might have been quarrelling about the problem the whole day . 對于那個問題他們可能一天都爭論不休。
◇ would / should + have done 用于虛擬條件句中，表示與過去事實相反。should 只用于第一人稱，would 用于各人稱。
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number . 如果知道你的電話號碼，我就給你打電話了。
There be 推測句型。其結構形式為：There + can / could / may / might / must + sth ./ sb . 。
該句型表達的是對“存在”的一種狀態(tài)進行的猜測。
There must be many students in the classroom . 教室里一定有許多學生。
【動腦動手】
■ 中視圖文好題快遞
NMET 語境選擇 100 題
1 . ― What are you doing ?
― I'm looking ____ the children . They should be back for lunch now .
A . after B . at C . for D . up
2 . The teacher told the class to ____ their books , for they would have a test .
A . put away B . put by C . put on D . put up
3 . I wonder what has brought ____ this remarkable change in their relationship ?
A . along B . away C . about D . around
4 . I can hardly hear th radio . Would you please ____ ?
A . turn it on B . turn it down C . turn it up D . turn it off
5 . He must ____ the south , for he likes to have rice for meal .
A . come along B . come over C . come from D . come to
6 . Still , he ____ his post , reporting the water level to the headquarters every fifteen minutes .
A . came to B . stuck to C . devoted to D . got to
7 . By reading quickly , I ____ the book before the library closed .
A . could be finishing B . could have finished
C . could finish D . can finish
8 . ― Must I get through the business in one evening ?
― No , you ____ .
A . mustn't B . haven't C . needn't to D . don't have to
9 . ― Where ____ my umbrella ?
― Somebody ____ it away by mistake .
A . is , must have taken B . is , must take
C . was , must take D . is , takes
10 . The teacher knows a lot about Shanghai . He ____ there before .
A . must be B . must go C . must have been D . must have gone
11 . ― Will your brother stay here tonight ?
― I'm not sure . He ____ shopping tonight .
A . must go B . can go C . may go D . will go
12 . ― Did Jim come ?
― I don't know . He ____ while I was out .
A . might have come B . has come
C . must have come D . should have come
13 . Why didn't you make me a telephone call yesterday ? I ____ about it .
A . should be told B . ought to have been told
C . should have told D . ought to be told
14 . ― Hurry , Mary ! You ____ on the phone .
― Oh , I'm coming . Thank you .
A . want B . are being wanted C . are wanted D . are wanting
15 . How long have you been in Beijing ? I ____ you ____ here .
A . didn't know were B . didn't know , had been
C . don't know , are D . haven't known , are
16 . ―Hasn't Professor Zhou arrived yet ?
― No , but I ____ he ____ here by this time .
A . thought , would be B . think , is
C . thought , was D . think , will be
17 . ―You've agreed to go , so why aren't you getting ready ?
― But I ____ that you ____ me to start at once .
A . don't realize , want B . don't realize , wanted
C . haven't realized , wanted D . didn't realize , wanted
18 . ― Look at this! I ____ some old pictures and ____ this baby picture .
― Is it a picture of you ? It's so lovely .
A . was going through , found B . am going through , find
C . went through , had found D . had gone through , find
19 . ― Where have you been all the time ?
― I came back at noon and I ____ in this room since .
A . have been B . was C . had been D . have gone
20 . She ____ for ten hours at least . It was at nine that she fell asleep last night .
A . slept B . had slept C . has slept D . was sleeping
21 . Don't get that ink on your shirt , for it ____ .
A . won't wash out B . won't be washing out
C . isn't washing out D . doesn't wash out
22 . ― We spent all our money because we stayed at ____ most expensive hotel in town .
― Why didn't you stay at ____ cheaper one ?
A . the , a B . a , a C . the , the D . a , the
23 . ― What would you like to eat ?
― I don't mind . ____ ―Whatever you've got .
A . Something B . Everything C . Anything D . Nothing
24 . My eyes are getting tired . I ____ for two hours . I think I'll take a break .
A . have read B . read C . have been reading D . am reading
25 . It's foolish to have a taxi ____ you can easily walk to the station .
A . if B . that C . where D . when
26 . Harvard , ____ in 1636 , is one of the most famous universities in the United States .
A . set B . formed C . discovered D . founded
27 . ____ you like to see the movie tonight ? I ____ meet you at the gate of the Student Center .
A . Would , will B . Would , can C . Do , must D . Will , could
28 . There was a ____ change in the weather , and the rain came pouring down .
A . quick B . fast C . slow D . sudden
29 . ― Excuse me , can I use your ruler ?
― ____ .
A . No , you can't B . I'm sorry , but I'm using it C . Yes , you could D . I'm afraid you couldn't
30 . I ____ at the station half an hour ago , but the train ____ yet .
A . arrived , didn't come B . was arriving , hadn't come
C . arrived , hasn't come D . had arriving , didn't come
31 . ― Did you visit many places while you were in the States ?
― Yes , ____ .
A . only a few B . only few C . quite a few D . quite few
32 . ― The manager is away .
― Who is taking ______ of the company ?
A . charge B . place C . part D . position
33 . ― Can he lend me some money ?
― I regret to tell you he is ____ you .
A . not rich as B . no more rich than
C . no richer than D. not richer as
34 . ― My goodness! I just missed my flight .
― That's too bad , but I am sure you ____ it if you ____ .
A . had caught , had hurried B . could have caught , had hurried
C . could catch , would hurry D . could have caught , hurried
35 . The small company I had worked for was closed a few months ago , and I am now still ____ a job .
A . looking at B . looking for C . looking up D . looking after
36 . Tom came back with a message ____ there would be a test soon .
A . when B . which C . as D . that
37 . Emily stopped her car ____ a black cat ____ across the street .
A . to let , run B . letting , run C . to let , running D . letting , running
38 . They tested the new medicine ____ doing experiments ____ rabbits .
A . on , with B . by , for C . in , to D . by , on
39 . Sheila , ____ we had been waiting , finally arrived .
A . who B . whom C . for whom D . for which
40 . He is getting better . ____ is no need to send for a doctor .
A . came he B . he came C . did he come D . he did come
42 . ____ many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
A . Having told B . He had been told
C . Though he had been told D . Having been told
43 . If you drive from the airport , go on the motorway and follow the ____ to the city .
A . points B . signs C . plans D . ways
44 . I don't have any ____ but to do as you tell me .
A . way B . choice C . chance D . means
45 . Did you see that ____ involving two cars and a bicycle ?
A . accident B . incident C . danger D . happening
46 . The writer was always looking for suitable ____ to use in his next story .
A . contents B . articles C . ideas D . objects
47 . I'm sorry , David . It wasn't my ____ to cause a quarrel between you and Joanna .
A . point B . meaning C . intention D . view
48 . His wide ____ of the newspaper world enabled him to make a success of his job as an editor .
A . career B . experiment C . experience D . profession
49 . I am sorry you told him the secret . I wish you ____ him the secret .
A . didn't tell B . wouldn't tell &
科目 英語
年級 高三
章節(jié) 第十三單元
關鍵詞 高三英語第十三單元
文件 high3 unit13.doc
標題 高三英語第十三單元
內容
（三）語言訓練課
Ⅰ教具 投影儀
Ⅱ課堂教學設計
1. 教師檢查課文復述。
2. 教師從本單元詞語中選擇部分常用詞語，配以例句介紹給學
生。要求學生反復練習這些例句，并請同學造句，教師予以講評、訂正。
1） be content with
You should be content with what you have.
Farmers are very content with their life at present .
He was very content to have this second-hand car.
2)lead to
Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.
The test is bad because it leads to incorrect learning.
This idea in teaching might lead to a new method.
3）prove
In order to prove the servant’s honesty she left a bag containing some money on the table.
On the long journey he proved himself to be an amusing company.
Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your studies.
4)work out
We must work out a better method of saving paper.
Mary worked out a beautiful design for a sweater.
He settled down at the desk to work out the difficult maths problem.
5)stick to
If you stick to the truth, you have nothing to fear.
I stick to what I said yesterday.
He never sticks to anything for very long.
6)respect n./v
Children are taught to respect their parents and teachers .
You should always show respect to old age .
If you don’t respect yourself ,how can you expect others to respect you?
7）take sides(in/with)
Switzerland refused to take sides in the two World Wars.
Everybody in the office takes sides in the argument.
Despite my friendship with Frank,I tried not to take sides with him in his brother.
8)advance v./advanced adj.
I signed him to keep away,but he continued to advance.
He was considered as an advanced worker.
May I advance my opinion on the matter?
He read widely among the most advanced thinkers of his age.
3.教師用投影儀打出以下表格，學生利用課文中所提供的信息填寫表格，從而介紹偉大的科學家愛因斯坦的生平及他一生對人類所做出的巨大貢獻（表見下頁）
七八分鐘后，請幾位同學根據(jù)所填寫的內容講述，教師予以講評。鼓勵學生將自己整理的內容連在短文。
4.布置作業(yè)1）預習第14單元；2）完成練習冊中安排的練習。
Say something about the great scientist Albert Einstein by filling up the form:
In
1879
Born in Germany
When he was a young boy,
Used to ask lot s of questions , didn’t enjoy school, found it hard to get along with others
By the time he was 14
Learned maths all by himself
From the year he was 17
Studied in Switzerland ,earned money to go no with his studies.
In 1905
Received a doctor’s degree
Between 1905~1915
Began the research and studies leading to his new discoveries
In 1918
Received world-wide praise for his research
In 1921
Won the Nobel Prize for physics;gave talks in many countries
In 1933
Left Europe for the USA;accept the job as a professor ; asked for little money ;never interested in becoming rich
In 1940
Took American nationality,spent time working for human rights and progress
In 1955
Died at the age of 76
科目 英語
年級 高三
文件 high3 unit14.doc
標題 Roots (根)
章節(jié) 第十四單元
關鍵詞 高三英語第十四單元
內容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
在本單元，同學們通過閱讀課文“Journey into the unknown”和“Roots”，可以了解18 ? 19世紀白人捕捉和販運黑人作奴隸及虐待他們的罪惡歷史。
About “Roots”
“Roots” is a well-known novel written by an American author ― Alex Haley , which was a best seller in the USA in the 1970s . “Roots ”is mainly about Haley’s family history , which covers seven generations’ history . In order to find out how his ancestors got to America , Haley did a lot of research and traveled around the USA and Africa looking for information about his ancestors . At last , in Gambia he got to find his roots ― Kunta and a group of the blacks who were caught and sold to America as slaves about 200 years ago .
The novel also describes what his ancestors suffered from during the journey to the USA . “Roots” was published in 1976 and Haley won the Pulitzer Prize in 1977 . Also he became world-famous .
單元雙基學習目標
Ⅰ. 詞匯學習
四會單詞和詞組：reason (v .) , roll over , give out
三會單詞和詞組：in chains , daylight , from generation to generation , worthwhile
Ⅱ. 交際英語
expressing wishes , hope and desire
1. I wish to do … / I am going to do …
2. I want / hope / would like to … ; I intend / mean / plan to do …
3. I would do it if I had the chance .
4. If only I could do …
5. I wish I could do …/ I wish I had …/ I wish I were …
6. I wish you every success .
7. Good luck !
8. I feel like doing sth
9. I’m ready to do …
10. I would rather not tell you .
11. I have been looking forward to doing …
12. I’ve always dreamed of …
13. So do I .
Ⅲ. 語法學習
在本單元，同學們將對it的用法作以系統(tǒng)歸納，并具體理解高考中對it的測試熱點。
【指點迷津】
單元重點詞匯點撥
1. reason vi . 評理；勸說；推斷為；說服
I reasoned that he was lying . 我斷定他在撒謊。
〖點撥〗reason sb into doing = persuade sb into doing = persuade sb to do說服某人干……。reason sb out of說服某人不干……。
另外要注意當reason作名詞時常用于：The reason (why) … is that …。the reason for sth和 the reason to do sth是“……的理由�！�
The reason (why) he got ill was that he didn’t pay attention to his health .
The reason why we don’t trust him is that he has often lied .
2. worthwhile值得的 ；值得花費時間和金錢的
She was offered a worthwhile job .
〖點撥〗It is worthwhile + to do (或者 ?ing ) 。如：It’s worthwhile visiting the museum . = It is worthwhile to visit the museum .
注意下面的“值得”表達：be worth doing ; be worthy of being done = be worthy to be done 。
如：The article is worthy of careful study . = The article is worthy of being studied carefully . = The article is worthy to be studied carefully . = The article is worth studying .
單元詞組思維運用
1. roll over翻滾
The boys rolled over on the snow . How fun it was !
2. give out分發(fā)
All the new textbooks have been given out .
注意：give out還作“發(fā)出，放出；發(fā)表；精疲力竭；耗盡”。如：
The news was given out this morning .
The teacher’s patience at last gave out .
His strength gave out soon .
3. be born a free man生來是一個自由人
4．be in chains戴著鐐銬
put sb in chains給某人戴上手銬腳鐐
5. be fixed to被固定到……
Will you please make sure the button has been fixed to the board ?
6. be in pain疼痛
7. cry softly to oneself獨自輕聲哭泣
8. be hit on the head被擊在頭部
When the thief tried to escape , a woman hit him on the head behind him .
9. reason with sb與某人理論
10. What was to become of them all ? = What would happen to them all ?
11. Worst was to come . 更糟糕的事要發(fā)生。
12. run the length of the ship從船的這一頭延伸到另一頭
13. fall sick with fever因發(fā)燒而病到
14. cry out for sth叫喊要某物；哭著要；懇求
Don’t take any notice of Johnny ; he cries out for nothing .
注意：cry out against大聲疾呼反對。cry out大聲呼喊。如：
The woman in the water cried out “Help !”
The people cried out against the unfair decision of the court .
15. once in a while偶爾，有時候
We go for a picnic in the park once in a while .
Once in a while the dog would run away , but usually he stayed in the yard .
16. open wide開大，睜大
What’s wrong with you ? First , Open you mouth wide , please . Let me take a look at your tongue and throat .
17. in daylight在陽光中
注意：at daylight黎明時。before daylight黎明前。
18. chain / tie sb up = put sb in chains把某人銬起來
19. on one’s arrival某人一到達
On his arrival he set about correcting the compositions .
20. make copies of抄寫
21. pass down傳下來；傳送；傳遞；遺傳
The skill has been passed down over four generations .
22. from generation to generation一代一代地
注意：from one generation to another = generation after generation = from generation to generation
23. go back over centuries追溯幾個世紀以前
24. come to a sad part講述一段傷心的事情
25. play the role of扮演……的角色
He is good at playing the part of Maozedong
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
單元難點疑點思路明晰
1. Born a free man，he was now in chains . 他生來就是個自由人，現(xiàn)在卻戴上了鐐銬。
〖明晰〗(1) Born a free man為過去分詞短語作狀語，相當于一個讓步狀語從句的省略。完整句子為：Although he was born a free man . 再如：Beaten black and blue，he didn't go down on his knees . 雖然被打得遍體鱗傷，他仍不屈膝投降。
(2) in chains / irons 戴著鐐銬；在囚禁中。如：
He was in chains and disgrace . 他被囚而受辱。
All the murderers in chains will soon be sentenced to death . 所有戴著鐐銬的兇手很快就要被判處死刑。
已學過的由“in ＋ 名詞的復數(shù)”的介詞短語如：
in pairs 成雙地 / in circles 圍成圓圈形 / in tears 哭著
One man had a head wound and was in pain . 一個人頭部受傷，非常疼痛。
had a head wound＝be wounded in the head
in pain 疼痛難忍。已學過的由“ in ＋ 名詞的單數(shù)”的介詞短語， 如： in public公開地 /in silence無聲地 / in battle 在戰(zhàn)斗中…
2. What was to become of them all，he wondered .他感到納悶，他們的下場將會怎樣呢？
〖明晰〗(1) become of (人或事物的)結果是；使遭遇。如：What will become of her now that her husband has died ? 她丈夫一死，真不知她的遭遇將如何。
What has become of the book I put here yesterday ?我昨天放在這兒的書哪去啦？
(2) he wondered 置于句尾作插入語，意思是“他想知道”。
3. Worse was to come.更糟的事就要發(fā)生了。
〖明晰〗worse adj. (bad的比較級)更壞的、更差的、更惡化的。常用句式有：to make the matter worse (＝and what is worse 或worse than all更糟的是。worse在本課作名詞“更壞的事”，如：I have worse to tell. 我還有更壞的事要說。 Worse cannot happen.事情不可能更壞了。
4. They had rough weather, and Kunta's back bled from rolling over on the hard wooden boards . 途中天氣非常惡劣，由于在硬木板上滾來滾去，昆塔的背流出了血。
〖明晰〗(1) bled 是動詞bleed(流血)的過去式。如：His wound bled freely.他的傷口大量出血。/ He is bleeding like crazy from the stomach.她腹部流血不止。
(2) roll over從(邊)上滾下；翻轉；滾翻。如：
The policeman rolled the body over to look for the missing gun . 警察把尸體翻過來尋找失蹤的手槍。
I had to hear Beethoven before I could ask him to roll over . 我得先聽一下貝多芬曲，才能請他把唱片翻過來。
5. The moment he reached the country , he started his search . 他一到那個國 家，就開始尋找。
〖明晰〗the moment (instant , hour , time , minute) 以及directly, immediately, 都可用來引導時間狀語從句，譯作“一……就”，相當于as soon as.
如：(SEFC B2 L59) The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise . 那少女一聽到響聲，就沖進房間里。
6. All the stories of families, heroes, wars and journeys are passed down from generation to generation . 所有家族、英雄、戰(zhàn)爭以及旅行的故事都是一代代地傳下來的。
〖明晰〗(1) pass down＝hand down流傳；遺傳；傳遞。如：
The special technique has been passed down over four generations . 那種技術已傳了四代。
(SEFC B3 L10) customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race . 傳統(tǒng)習俗以及記憶中的人和物，被這個種族的年長者傳了下來。
In poor families , clothes may be passed down from one child to the next . 在窮苦人家，一個小孩穿過的衣服會留給另一個年齡小的穿。
(2) from generation to generation 一代一代，世世代代(＝generation after generation.)
7. A few people in each group are given the task of remembering the group's family history that goes back over centuries . 每一個部落中有幾個人，他們的任務是記住這個部落追溯到幾百年前的家族史。
〖明晰〗(1) go back to (＝date from, trace back to )；追溯，返回到。如：
His family goes back to the time of Norman Conquest . 他的家族可追溯至諾曼底人征服英國的時代。
She found her pocketbook when she went back to the store . 她回到店里找到了她的錢包。
(2) over centuries 在幾百年中。over可表“在……期間；到……過完”。 如：(SEFC B3 L27) They had been built over period of six centuries up until 1431 . 他們都是在1431年以前長達六個世紀期間建成的。
over several decades 在幾十年中 / stay over Sunday呆過星期天 / work over night 通宵工作。
8. seize , take , grasp , arrest
〖明晰〗(1) seize“抓住”有猛然抓住并不脫手之意。如：
The policeman seized the thief by the collar. 那個警察抓著小偷的衣領不放。
(2) take“抓住”，屬一般用語。如：
He took his girl friend by the arm. 他抓著女友的胳膊。
(3) grasp“抓住，抓緊；抱�。焕斫�，領會”。如：
Grasp the rope and I'll pull you up. 抓住繩子，我就拉你上來。
I didn't quite grasp your meaning. 我不太理解你的意思。
(4) arrest 側重于“逮捕；扣留；防止。”如：
He was arrested in suspicion of having murdered the girl . 他因有謀害少女的嫌疑而被捕。
This newly developed drug has arrested his cancer . 這種新藥已控制住了他的癌癥。
9 . make up one's mind, decide, determine
〖明晰〗(1) make up one's mind“決心；認定”，后接不定式或that從句，mind隨人稱而變化。如：
We've made up our minds to devote our lives to serving the people heart and soul . 我們決心把全部生命用于全心全意地為人民服務。
The crop is ruined, so we must make up our minds to that . 莊稼損壞了，我們必須承認那個事實。
(2) decide 指經(jīng)過考慮或討論研究作出決定，后接不定式，介詞on / upon或從句。 如：
He decided on taking the position at the bank.＝He decided to take the position at the bank . 他決定擔任很行的職務。
(3) determine“決心、堅決”，側重表示決心已下定,任何力量都動搖不了這種決心。 其后常接不定式， 也可接 on / upon + ing 。 如：
His mother has determined to give him a chance . 他母親決心給他一次機會。
10. give out , give away , give back , give forth , give in , give off , give over , give up
〖明晰〗(1) give out 放出、發(fā)生；宣稱，公布，發(fā)表；分配，分發(fā)；用完，耗盡； 精疲力竭。如：
The teacher's patience at last gave out . 老師終于失去了耐心。
His strength gave out . 他筋疲力盡。
(2) give away 贈送；出賣；泄露 / give back 歸還；返射 / give forth 放出， 發(fā)出(聲音，氣味等)；發(fā)表，公布give in投降；屈服，讓步；交上 / give off 發(fā)出 (蒸氣、光、煙等)/give over 移交，交托 / give up 讓給；放棄，拋棄。
11. familiar to , familiar with
〖明晰〗(1) familiar to＝well known to sb“為人所熟知”，其中to為介詞，to 后常跟 人。如：
I've been away a long time, and that name is not familiar to me . 我出外很久了，這名字我不熟悉。
(2)familiar with＝well acquainted with“精通、熟知、通曉”。be familiar with的主語一定是人，with后的賓語可人、可物。如：He is familiar with Shakespeare . 他精通莎士比亞的作品。
I am not very familiar with botanical names . 我對植物學上的名稱不太熟悉。
12 . what kind of doctor 與 what kind of a doctor
〖明晰〗(1)“what kind / sort of”是問類別，所以：What kind of doctor is he ? 他是 哪科的醫(yī)生?
(2)“what kind / sort of a (an)”是問程度、性質等具體情況。所以：what kind of a doctor is he ? 他是怎么樣的醫(yī)生?(含醫(yī)術是否高明，待人處事的能力等)
【妙文賞析】
The Capital of the United States
When George Washington became the first President of the United States , there was no permanent (永久的) capital . During the Revolutionary War seven different cities had served as the national capital . In addition , the members of Congress (議會) could not agree to where this permanent capital should be located (位于) .Some officials wanted it in the North , others wanted it in the South . Each of the states hoped that the capital might be set up within its own state lines .
At last it was decided that the capital should occupy (占有) a section by itself , separate from any of the states . The place chosen was situated on the Potomac River . The land then belonged to the state of Maryland , but Maryland agreed to give it to the national government . The section was named the District of Columbia, after Christopher Columbus . The city itself was named Washington , after George Washington .
Work was begun on the new capital in 1791 . In the year 1800 Congress occupied the new Capital Building . The White House Was opened at the same time as the home of all future presidents .
1 . There was no permanent capital in the United States when George Washington became the first President of the United States because ______ .
A . people didn't like the new government
B . there was not enough money to build the capital
C . American people were too busy fighting to think of the problem of building the capital
D . people had a disagreement about the location of the capital
2 . Which of the following is implied (暗示的) but not stated in the passage ?
A . George Washington's office was perhaps not in the White House .
B . Seven cities used to be the capital of the United States .
C . The North and the South couldn't agree with each other on the problem of the capital .
D . George Washington was the first president of the United States .
3 . The Potomac River _______ .
A . is the longest river in its country
B . separates the capital from the state of Maryland
C . flows through the state of Maryland
D . was given to the national government by Maryland
4 . Which of the following is not true according to the passage ?
A . The White House has a history of about 200 years .
B . The District of Columbia belongs to none of the states .
C . Congress occupied the new Capital Building until 1800 .
D . The White House is a place where American presidents live and work except George Washington .
答案：1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C
【思維體操】
常見閱讀理解題的解題技巧
一般說來，閱讀理解的題型設置大致可分為六種類型：事實詢問、推理判斷、數(shù)據(jù)推算、識圖解意、主旨大意、規(guī)律常識。做好這六種題型，需要掌握一定的方法和技巧。
科目 英語
年級 高三
文件 high3 unit15.doc
標題 Study skills（學習技能）
章節(jié) 第十五單元
關鍵詞 高三英語第十五單元
內容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
單元雙基學習目標
Ⅰ.詞匯學習
enlarge , remind sb of , fix a date for , appreciate, long-term , encouragement
Ⅱ. 交際英語
Invitations and responses (邀請與應答)
發(fā)出邀請時可以說：
1. Will you come to …?
2. Would you like to do ？
3. I’d like to invite you to …
4. Are you free on Sunday ?
5. If you’re not doing anything on Monday morning , would you like to do …
6. We’d like you to join us .
7. Do join me for a coffee .
8. We’re having a dance on Sunday . I hope you will come .
9. Would you do me the pleasure of attending our wedding (婚禮) ? = May we have the pleasure of your company at our wedding ?
10. I’d very much like you to come to our dinner party .
接受邀請時常用：
1. Yes , I’d love to .
2. Yes , that’s very kind / nice of you .
3. I’d love to , but …
4. How nice !
5. I’d like to … , but … . Thank you all the same .
Ⅲ. 語法學習
復習和歸納句子的成分 ―― 謂語；復習情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的時態(tài)。
在情態(tài)動詞中要重點掌握情態(tài)動詞的完成時的用法。如：should have done與should not have done , needn’t have done , must have done
另外，復習主謂一致的測試熱點。
【指點迷津】
這些一致你了如指掌嗎 ？
1. 主語 people 作“人們，人民”解時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)，作“民族”解時，有單復數(shù)之分。如：
Our people is a great one .
There are 56 peoples in China .
2 . 主語是 a / this / that kind of + 名詞，謂語用單數(shù)形式，主語指的不是一種而是多種，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。如：
This kind of cloth feels soft .
There are different kinds of animals .
3 . 主語是“each of … ”，“neither of … ”，“either of … ”，“one of … ”等時，其謂語用單數(shù)。如：
Each of them has his own duty .
4 . 陳述部分用 everybody , everyone , somebody , someone , anybody , anyone , nobody , no one 或 no + 復數(shù)名詞等作主語時，反意部分用 they。而陳述部分用 everything , something , nothing , anything 時，反意部分代詞則采用單數(shù)，用 it 。
Somebody is waiting for you , aren't they ?
Everything is all right , isn't it ?
5 . 動名詞或動詞不定式作主語，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。
When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet .
6 . 用引號的詞語作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)第三人稱。
“I” is the ninth letter of the English Alphabet .
7 . 在強調結構中如被強調的是句子的主語，則 who 或 that 后面的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應和主語一致。
It is Mike who always helps me study maths after class .
8 . wish 后接賓語從句用虛擬語氣，如表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，無論主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)，be 動詞用 were。
I wish I were ten years younger .
9 . police , cattle 等集合名詞作主語時，謂語用復數(shù)。
The murderer has run away . The police are searching for him .
10 . 算式中表示數(shù)目的主語通�？醋鲉螖�(shù)，其謂語常用單數(shù)形式，也可用復數(shù)。
Five times four is twenty .
11 . youth 作“青年們”解作主語時，謂語用復數(shù)。
The youth of China today are doing their best to study modern science and technology .
12 . each 作同位語放在復數(shù)主語后，謂語不受單數(shù) each 的影響。如：
The boy and the girl each have their own toys .
13 . 當 with 引出的短語結構后面出現(xiàn) both 時，with 的含義變成 and ，此時謂語動詞應該用復數(shù)形式。如：Martin with his wife ,both working in the same company , have decided that they would send their little daughter to the nearest kindergarten .
14 . “one of + 復數(shù)名詞 + 謂語”是固定結構，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。但是，在“one of + 復數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句”句型中，定語從句的謂語用復數(shù)；若 one of 的前面有 the , the only 時，謂語仍用單數(shù)。試對比：
He is one of the people who always help others .
She is the only one of my guests that comes from India .
15 . 主語是以-ics 結尾的學科名詞以及 news , works , (工廠) , politics 等都屬形式復數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。另外 means 一詞單復數(shù)同形應視具體情況而定。
Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn .
A new means of teaching is being used in that school .
注：學科名詞前如有物主代詞修飾時，謂語常用復數(shù)。如：My mathematics are week .
16 . 主語是用作書名、劇名、報紙名、國名等的復數(shù)名詞，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。
The United States is a developed country .
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
單元重點詞匯點撥
1. enlarge擴大；變大；增多
We enlarge the playground last year .
〖點撥〗enlarge on / upon詳述；細說
Could you enlarge on / upon the point ?
2. encouragement鼓勵；激勵；促進
He received a lot of encouragement from his teacher . 老師給了他很大的鼓勵。
〖點撥〗encourage sb to do鼓勵某人干…… 。encourage sb in助長。如：
The boss encouraged me to study abroad .
Don’t encourage him in his laziness .
encouraging鼓舞人心的，encouraged被鼓舞的。如：
They were encouraged by the encouraging news .
3. appreciate欣賞；感激；賞識
His works were not appreciated until after his death . 直到死后，他的作品才受到重視。
You will appreciate his novels better if you read his past .
〖點撥〗appreciate / enjoy + doing欣賞干……。
Do you appreciate driving minibus ?
單元詞組思維運用
1. remind sb of使某人想起 ……
He reminded me of his kind father .
I was reminded of my promise .
注意：remind sb that ……使人想起。remind sb to do提醒某人做某事。
She reminded me that I hadn’t watered the flowers .
Remind me to mail this letter after work .
I reminded him to work hard .
2. fix a date for確定……的日期
Let’s fix a date for a picnic this weekend .
注意動詞fix的詞組：fix one’s eyes on / upon凝視。如：His eyes were fixed on the photo on the wall .
3. pick up a travel book拿起一本游記
4．dip into隨便翻閱；瀏覽
I have only been able to dip into your book yet ; I hope soon to be able to read it seriously .
I can’t say that I know a great deal about modern painting ― I’ve just dipped into one or two books on the subject .
5. read bits here and there這兒看一點那看一點
6. turn to翻到；求助于
Please turn to Page 30 .
We must turn to our monitor to finish such a thorough cleaning .
7. if you wish如果你想要的話
8. an article of clothing一件衣物
注意：a suit of clothes一套衣服
9. above all最重要的是
注意：in all總共，first of all首先。
10. refer to
Don’t get angry . The person he referred just now isn’t you .
11. take turns to do輪流干……
12. shut up閉嘴；住口；關閉
For heaven’s sake , shut him up , he’s said quite enough already .
Shut up ! You’re just talking nonsense .
We got the house shut up only minutes before the storm hit . 在暴風雨來臨之前幾分鐘，我們才把屋子的門窗關閉起來。
13. talk things through充分透徹地談問題
14. make good (great , rapid , much , little ) progress in
15. agree on a time在時間上意見一致
16. a letter in reply回信
17. in the immediate future不久的將來
單元難點疑點思路明晰
1. But not all stories belong to this class . 但并不是所有小說都屬于這一級別。
〖明晰〗(1) not與all , both , every , always , altogether , entirely , everybody , everything , everywhere連用表達部分否定。如：
All is not lost that is in danger . （諺）處于危險中并非就是失敗。(禍福難分)
The good and the beautiful don't always go together . (Shakespeare) 善和美不一定時常是相連的。
(2) class 在本課作“等級，種類”講。如：
travel third class 乘三等車（或艙）旅行/He is doing first class.他干得 非常好。/It's one of the second-class public schools.那是一所一流的公立學校。
2. Second , do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you do not know . 第二，不要每碰到一個不認識的單詞或短語就停下來……。
〖明晰〗Every time, each time “每次，每當，無論何時”以及by the time “到……時” 可相當于連詞引導時間狀語從句。如：
Every time I meet him , he tries to borrow books from me . 每當我遇到他，他總是向我借書。
By the time he was 15 , he had already had his own laboratory . 到他15歲時，他已經(jīng)有了自己的實驗室。
3. …by the end of the chapter you will have guessed its meaning . 到了全章快讀完時，你就會猜出這個詞的意思了。
〖明晰〗(1)由by the end of…引出的短語，主句常用過去完成時或將來完成時。如：
By the end of last month, they had produced 1000000 candles .
By the end of this century, China will have become a socialist country . 到本世紀底，中國必將成為一個社會主義強國。
(2) will / shall + have + p.p. 構成將來完成時，該時態(tài)可表將來某一時刻前已完成的動作，也可表說話人對某一業(yè)已先成的事態(tài)的推測。如：
He will have gained his pilot's license before his next birthday . 他下個生日前會拿到飛行證的。
You will have received an invitation to the wedding as well . 你肯定會收到參加婚宴的邀請的。
4. …and is therefore likely to be an article of clothing . 因此很可能是一件衣服。
〖明晰〗likely常用于sth / sb + be + likely to do很可能干但possible , probable , impossible , improbable 卻不用人作主語 , 常用 : It + be + possible / probable (for sb) + to do. 如：
He is likely to be the best poet here . 他很可能是這最好的詩人。
It is impossible that he can finish the task in such a short time . 他不可能在如此短的時間內完成這項任務。
（本課最后一段中）If you hate science stories , you are unlikely to enjoy reading them in English . 如果你不喜歡科幻小說，那么你不大可能喜歡讀英文版的科幻小說。
5. In other words , I should not watch TV, or look over your shoulder at other people while we are talking together . 換句話說，我們在一起交談時，我不應該看電視或越過你肩膀看別人。
〖明晰〗(1) in other words 換句話說 (= that is , that is to say)
(2) look over 從…上面看過去；查看；檢查。如：
Don't look over your shoulder while walking on such a slippery road . 在過如此滑的路面時，請匆扭頭張望。
The secretary spent a night looking over her notes . 秘書花了一夜時間查看她的記錄。
6. First , take turns to listen . 首先 輪流做聽眾。
〖明晰〗take turns“依次，輪流”后常接不定式，at＋ing或直接加-ing 。表示“輪流”的介詞詞組有 in turn 和 by turns 。如：
take turns to watch over the oxen = take turns (at) watching over the oxen = watch over the oxen in turn = watch over the oxen by turns . 輪流看護牛群。
（本課最后一段）If friends can take turns to listen to each other well, life will be better ! 如果朋友們之間能輪流做好聽眾，生活就會更美好!
7. hobby , habit , custom , practice
〖明晰〗 (1) hobby (業(yè)余)愛好；嗜好，消遣。如：
Reading children's literature is a hobby with my nephew . 我侄侄在業(yè)余時間愛讀兒童文學消遣。
He collects butterflies for a hobby . 他以搜集各種蝴蝶為業(yè)余愛好。
Growing roses is her hobby . 養(yǎng)玫瑰花是她的愛好。
(2) habit“習慣”，側重于強調一時期內不自覺地形成的，并且不易去掉的個人習慣。如：
Smoking is a bad habit . 吸煙是種壞習慣。
habit 的常見搭配有：be in the / a habit of , have the / a habit of 有……的習慣，break away from / off a habit改掉一種習慣， get / fall into the habit of 養(yǎng)成……習慣。
(3) custom“習慣；習俗”，指經(jīng)過一個較長的時間而形成的社會或地區(qū)性風俗。如：
It is the custom to dye eggs at Easter . 在復活節(jié)染雞蛋殼已成為習俗。
(4) practice“習慣”，指慣常的做法。如：
I don't like her practice of going to bed late every evening . 我不喜歡他每天晚睡的做法。
8 .above all , in all , after all , all in all , for all
〖明晰〗 (1) above all 首先，首要，尤其。如：
Never waste anything . Above all , never waste time . 任何東西都不可浪費，尤其不可浪費時間。
(2) in all 總共，共計。如：
Shall I pay you the money in part or in all ? 這筆款子我該給你部分地付還是全部付清泥 ?
(3) after all 畢竟，終究，終歸。如：
He said he would not come in, but he came in after all . 他說他不進來，但他畢竟進來了。
(4) all in all總的來說，總計；完全地。如：
The book has some weak spots , but all in all. I consider it a success . 這本書有一些缺點，然而總的來說我認為它是成功的。
(5) for all 盡管。如：
For all his wealth , he is unhappy . 盡管他很有錢，他并不快樂。
9. shut up , shut down , shut away , shut in , shut off , shut out
〖明晰〗 (1) shut up 閉嘴，住口。如：
Shut up ! You're just talking nonsense . 住口!你這是在說廢話。
(2) shut down 停工，停業(yè)。如：
The automobile plant was shut down for two months as a reasult of the strike . 那家汽車廠由于罷工關閉了兩個月。
(3) shut away 限制，隔離，禁閉。如：
Important prisoners were shut away in a remote mountain village . 重要的犯人被監(jiān)禁在偏僻的山林里。
(4) shut in 圍住；關進；禁閉(= shut away)。如：
The house was shut in by factories all round . 這房子周圍都被工廠圍住。
(5) shut off 關停（煤氣，水電等）。如：
They shut off the gas and electricity in their house before leaving on holiday . 他們假日離家前把煤氣和電都關掉。
(6) shut out 不讓……進來，把……關在外面(＝ keep…out of)。如：
The late comers were all shut out of the stadium . 遲到者都被關在體育場外面不讓進去。
10. enlarge, expand , extend , widen , broaden , grow , increase
〖明晰〗 (1) enlarge“擴大”，指面積，體積和范圍的擴大及能力的增大，不指重量、 速度，時間等。如：
an enlarged meeting擴大會議/The city has enlarged.城市面積擴大了。 /The business is enlarging. 企業(yè)在不斷擴大。/Reading a lot enlarges the mind. 大量閱讀使人增長才智。
(2) grow“成長，長大”，常用于人、生物的長大，數(shù)量的增長不用grow。如：
(SEFC B3 L26) So certain types of plant grow all over the stones and their roots go down into the holes between the stones . 所以某些種類的植物在這些石頭上面長滿了， 它們的根深深鉆進石塊之間的洞穴 之中。
(3) increase 指數(shù)量、程度、財富、權力的“增加、增長”。如：
Total industrial output value increased by 8% . 工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值增長了百分之八。
(4) expand 膨脹大，extend 延伸長，widen 和 broaden 為“加寬后擴大”。
【妙文賞析】
as poor as a church mouse
教堂 ( church ) 是教徒們進行宗教活動的地方，教徒們虔誠地作禮拜，當然沒有人在這里吃東西，自然也不會有食品櫥，一切都為得莊嚴肅穆。所以老鼠想在教堂里找吃的東西，根本的枉費心機，教堂里的老鼠 ( a church mouse ) 是非常窮的，所以就有 as poor as a church mouse 的說法，指某人一貧如洗。請看例句：
You want to borrow money from him ? He is as poor as a church mouse .你想向他借錢 ? 他一貧如洗。
英語詞語掌故浩如煙海、源遠流長，經(jīng)歷了歲月的磨練，凝聚著民眾的智慧，它簡潔、生動、含蓄幽默，涉及到民間傳說、神話寓言、風俗時尚、歷史背景、名人佚事等等各個方面，英語詞語掌故不僅能幫我們開拓視野、擴大知識面，而且還有助于我們了解英國語言文學的起源和發(fā)展，因此了解、熟悉英語詞語掌故無疑是學好英語的一條必不可少的途徑。
【思維體操】
“心”譯
1. after one’s heart 2. a heart of gold
3. find in one’s heart to 4. have sth at heart
5. heart and soul 6.heart to heart
7. pluck up one’s heart 8. put one’s heart into
9. with a light heart 10. with one’s whole heart
答案：1、稱心如意 2、道德高尚 3、心甘情愿 4、牢記在心 5、全心全意 6、開誠布公 7、鼓起勇氣 8、專心致志 9、輕松愉快 10、誠心誠意
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
一、易錯用的主謂語一致 14 點
1. each + 名詞 + and each + 名詞用作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕Each boy and each girl have got an apple .
〔 改正 〕改 have 為 has .
〔 歸納 〕下面兩種情況，動詞也用單數(shù)：
A . every + 名詞 + and every + 名詞作主語時：
Every man and every woman in the village is here .
B . no + 名詞 + and no + 名詞作主語時：
No teacher and no student has seen the film .
2. 當一個人兼兩種身份而作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕Her teacher and friend often help her to paint .
〔 改正 〕改 help 為 helps。
〔 歸納 〕兩個名詞用 and 連接用作主語，重復使用冠詞和不重復使用冠詞時，動詞可能不一樣。下列短語作主語時，應視為復數(shù) ( 第二個冠詞省略了 ) ： a boy and girl , a man and woman , the Chinese and Japanese language , the oil and textile industry , a teacher and student , a cow and ox等。如：比較：
A journalist and a novelist have come to see you .
A journalist and novelist has come to see you .
A man and woman are walking on the street .
3.and 連接的兩個名詞表達一個共同的概念或一個完整的東西時應視作單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕A cart and horse are seen coming to us .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納〕以下名詞短語都可視作單數(shù)。a watch and chain 一塊帶鏈的表，a needle and thread 一套針線，a knife and fork 一副刀叉，a cup and saucer 一套碟子茶杯，a coat and tie 一件上衣帶領帶，bread and butter 奶油面包，aim and end 目的，truth and honesty 真誠，child care and education 對孩子的管教，time and tide 歲月，the long and short of it 總的意思,iron and steel 鋼鐵,law and order 治安,soup and salad 湯與涼拌菜 ,hard struggle and plain living 艱苦奮斗與生活簡樸。
4. Mary a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕Many a scientist have devoted their lives to science .
〔 改正 〕改have 為 has
〔 歸納 〕A . a great many , a good many 都需要接復數(shù)名詞，作主語時，動詞用復數(shù)。B . more than one + 名詞作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。C. more than one 不接名詞時，動詞用單數(shù)或復數(shù)都可以。D.在 there be 結構里用單數(shù)或復數(shù)。如：There is ( 或 are ) more than one student in the classroom .
5. one and a half …與 a + 名詞 + or two 作主語
〔 錯例 〕One and a half cakes are left on the plate .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is 。
〔 歸納 〕one and half + 名詞作主語習慣上視作單數(shù)，但名詞需要用復數(shù)形式。One or two + 名詞作主語時視作復數(shù)；而 a + 名詞 + or two 作主語時卻可視作單數(shù)或復數(shù)。如：
There are one or two things I want to tell you .
A word or two is ( 或 are ) needed here . 這兒還需要一兩個詞。
6 . ( together ) with + 名詞不影響原來主語的人稱和數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕Mr.Wang , together with his wife , have gone to Australia .
〔 改正 〕改 have 為 has。
〔 歸納 〕下列詞語與名詞連用均不影響原來主語的人稱和數(shù)：as well as , along with , as much as , but , except , in company with , more than , no less than , like , rather than , plus 等。
7 . 數(shù)詞 + 名詞表示重量、長短、距離、錢數(shù)、分數(shù)、時間等作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕Twenty years are too long for a man's life .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納 〕動詞用單數(shù)是因為我們把這些復數(shù)名詞看成一個整體。如：
Three hours is enough for him to perform the operation .
表示艱苦難熬的歲月、時日作主語時動詞也可用復數(shù)。如：
The first fifty years are the hardest . 最初的五十年是最艱難的。
8 . A number of books 與 The number of books 作主語時應選用數(shù)不相同的動詞。
〔 錯例 〕The number of books are twenty-three .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納〕A . the number of…意思是“…的數(shù)目；……的號碼”，作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)；a number of…意思是“許多…”，作主語時，動詞用復數(shù)。如：The number of the key is 207 .
B . the average of + 名詞作主語時動詞用單數(shù)：an average of + 名詞作主語時動詞用復數(shù)。如：
The average of letters received each week is 600 . 平均每周收到的信件是600件。
An average of 600 letters a week are received by the newspaper's office . 報館每周平均收到600封信。
9.a basket of eggs 等作主語，動詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕A basket of pears are not enough for them .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納 〕下面短語作主語時，動詞也用單數(shù)：a basket of ( eggs ) 一籃 ( 雞蛋 ) ，a cluster of ( grapes ) 一串 ( 葡萄 ) ， a pile of ( apples ) 一堆 ( 蘋果 )， a team of ( football players ) 一隊 ( 足球運動員 ) 。但 a group of ( students ) 作主語時，動詞通常用復數(shù)。但：A group of girls are playing hide-and-seek .
10 .The rest ( of + 名詞 ) 作主語時，動詞不一定用單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕The rest of the students is girls .
〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are。
〔 歸納 〕下面的詞語作主語或作主語修飾語時則根據(jù)這些詞所代表的名詞的數(shù)或修飾的名詞的數(shù)來決定動詞的單、復數(shù)：Who , what , which , all , any , more , most , some , a lot of , lots of , plenty of , quantities of 以及 half , part , the rest , the remainder , 分數(shù)，百分數(shù)等。試對比：
Which are yours , the green ones or the red ones ?
Which is yours , the big one or the small one ?
There is only a little ink . All is here .
There are three books here . All a re written in English .
Twenty percent of the skin has been burnt .
Twenty percent of the machines are exported .
Two -thirds of the surface of the earth is water .
Three-thirds of the books are novels .
11. 某些集體名詞作主語，意在其成員時，動詞應該用復數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕Our family is all early risers .
〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are。
〔 歸納 〕這一類名詞有： class 班，club 俱樂部，crew 全體船員 ( 乘務員 ) ，committee 委員會，couple 一對夫婦，crowd 人群，group 組、隊 , audience 觀眾，聽眾，family 家庭，firm 公司；商號，flock 一群人，government 政府，public 公眾，union 工會；聯(lián)合會，team 隊，England ( football team ) 英格蘭足球隊，等。這些名詞用作主語時，如被看作整體，動詞用單數(shù)，代詞可用 it，its，which。如果是指該整體的成員，動詞應用復數(shù)，代詞用 they，their , who。但要注意主語、動詞、代詞在數(shù)方面的一致。如：
不可說：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop them .
應該說：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop it .
The class is big .
The class are practising swimming .
12. the country 可指“全國人民”，作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕The country are opposed to war .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。
〔 歸納 〕表示“全體人”的這類名詞還有：city , college , factory , house , school , table , town , university , world 等。它們與 the 連用作主語時，動詞應該用單數(shù)。如：
The whole table has heard what he said .
The whole university is against the changes .
整個大學的人都反對這些改變。
The world knows that pollution has become a serious problem .
世界人民知道，污染已成了嚴重問題。
13. the + 形容詞作主語時，動詞不一定用復數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕The old is respected in our country .
〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are 。
〔 歸納 〕定冠詞 + 形容詞時，如表示一類人作主語時，動詞用復數(shù)。常見的這一類有：the absent 缺席者，the aged 老年人，the brave 勇敢者，the dead 死人，the dying 要死的人，the deaf and mute 聾啞人，the disabled 殘疾人，the exploited 被剝削者，the homeless 無家可歸的人，the living 活著的人，the lost 失蹤的人，the old 老年人，the oppressed 被壓迫者，the poor 窮人，the present 出席的人，the rich 富人 ，the sick 病人，the strong 強者，the weak 弱者，the wise 聰明人，the wounded 傷員，the young 青年人等。
14. 用 either…or 連接的兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，最接近動詞的名詞或代詞決定動詞的單、復數(shù)。
〔 錯例 〕Either you or I are wrong .
〔 改正 〕改 are 為 am。
〔 歸納 〕涉及到類似用法的連詞有 or , not only…but ( also ) 和 neither…nor。如：
You , he or I am to be sent to the front .
Neither you nor I am a doctor .
Not only you but also he has been to the Great Wall .
Are either you or he against this plan ?
【動腦動手】
單元能力立體檢測
1 . 美麗的長城值得一看。
誤：The beautiful Great Wall is worth to visit .
正：The beautiful Great Wall is worth visiting .
析：worth 是形容詞，后面要跟名詞或動詞 - ing 形式，不能跟動詞不定式。如將上面的 to visit 改成 a visit 也是正確的。
2 . 到了上學期末，我已學習將近兩千個英語單詞。
誤：By the end of last term , I learned nearly two thousand English words .
正：By the end of last term , I had learned nearly two thousand English words .
析：這里的 by 有“before ( 在……之前 ) ”或“not later than ( 不遲于 ) ”的意思，表示“在 ( 某時 ) 前”或“到某時”已發(fā)生某事或出現(xiàn)某種情況，謂語動詞多用完成時態(tài)。句中是“上學期末”，所以用過去完成時態(tài)。
3 . 那人走過來奪了老人的包。
誤：The man came over and took the possession of the old man's bag .
正：The man came over and took possession of the old man's bag .
析：“take possession of”意為“奪取、占有”，是固定的表達方式，一般在 possession 前面不用 the。
4 . 這些動物對美洲土著人的生活有很大影響。
誤：These animals had a great effect to the life of Native Americans .
正：These animals had a great effect on the life of Native Americans .
析：“have an effect on ( upon ) ”是固定搭配，意為“對……有影響”，“對……起作用”，effect 后面跟介詞要用 on 或 upon，不能隨意改動。
5 . 他突然間擊了她的頭。
誤：All of a sudden he hit her on her head .
正：All of a sudden he hit her on the head .
析：漢語中“打某人的頭”，在英語中常用“hit + sb . + on + the + 身體部位”這樣的結構。值得注意的是其中冠詞 the 不能用物主代詞代替。又如：
He hit the boy in the face . 他打了孩子的臉。 ( face 前面要用 the , 不能用物主代詞。 )
6 . 他沒有逃跑得了，被俘了。
誤：He failed to run away and was taken the prisoner .
正：He failed to run away and was taken prisoner .
析：“to take prisoner”，意為“被監(jiān)禁”、“被俘”，是個習語，prisoner 前面不能用冠詞。但是 take 這個動詞可以用 keep 或 hold 代替。又如： He was taken ( held , kept ) prisoner in a small island . 他被囚禁在一個小島上。
7 . 他一到達，就被賣給一個農(nóng)民當奴隸。
誤：At his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .
正：On his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .
析：“on one's arrival”是一個習語，其中介詞要用 on，不能用別的詞代替。
8 . 報社給他提供了一些資金。
誤：His newspaper provided him some money .
正：His newspaper provided him with some money .
析：“為某人提供某物”，用 provide 表達有兩種方式，一是“provide sb . with sth . ”，另一種是“provide sth . for sb . ”，也就是說要用介詞搭配，誤句中少用了介詞。度比較：
The government is trying to provide the unemployed with jobs . ( = The government is trying to provide jobs for the unemployed . ) 政府正力圖為失業(yè)者提供就業(yè)機會。
9 . 他一登臺，我就認出他來了。
誤：I recognized him the moment when he appeared on the stage .
正：I recognized him the moment he appeared on the stage .
析：the moment 雖是名詞，但在這兒可以作連詞用，相當于 as soon as , 因此后面再用 when 就是多余的了。類似的名詞如 the minute , the second 等也可以這樣。上面正句里的 the moment 也可以用 the minute , the second 來代替。又如：
The moment / minute / second you arrive at the port , please telephone me . 你一到達港口，就請給我打個電話。
10 . 你們當中一人扮演哈利，另一個人扮演記者。
誤：One of you plays role of Harley , and the other role of a reporter .
正：One of you play the role of Harley , and the other the role of a reporter .
析：role 作“角色”解，通常構成“play ( take ) the role of . . . ”結構，意為“扮演……角色”。這是固定搭配，“the”不可少。又如：
He wishes to take ( play ) the role of a king . 他想扮演國王。
但是，role 前可以用形容詞修飾，例如：
Both of them wanted to play ( take ) the leading role . 他們倆都想演主角。
11 . 他每次進城總要拜訪他的老師。
誤：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .
正：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .
析：“every time”是個名詞詞組，用作從屬連詞，引出時間狀語從句，意為“每一……就……”。不能像誤句那樣連寫。又如：
Copy it down every time you come to a beautiful sentence . 每當你碰到一個漂亮的句子就把它抄下來。
12 . 年輕人應該永遠尊敬老年人。
誤：Youth should always show the respect to old age .
正：Youth should always show respect to old age .
析：“show respect to”是一個習語，意思是“對某人表示尊重”，其中 respect 是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不用冠詞，但是可以有修飾詞修飾。其中 show 可以用 have 代替，介詞 to 也可用 for 代替。例如：
She had / showed no respect to / for manager . 她對經(jīng)理一點也不尊重。
They have / show a great respect to / for the journalists .他們對記者非常敬重。
【創(chuàng)新園地】
寫一篇短文，簡述 Green School 受歡迎的原因。請在短文中包含以下內容：
1 . 歷史悠久。
2 . 校園美麗。
3 . 設備良好。教學樓、實驗室、語音室、計算機房、圖書館及體育館都屬全市最好的。
4 . 收費合理，每學期?3000。
5 . 教師出色，大部分畢業(yè)于名牌大學。他們耐心，有經(jīng)驗，熱愛學生。
注意：不要逐條翻譯。詞數(shù)：110字左右。
（請同學們寫好后把答案反饋給我們）
【創(chuàng)新園地】答案
Why is Green School so popular in our city ?
For one thing , the school has a long history . Its school garden is very beautiful with trees and flowers everywhere . It is also well equipped . The classroom buildings , the experiment labs and the sound labs , the computer rooms , the library as well as the gymnasium are among the best of all schools . Besides , the tuition is only 3000 a term , less than that of other schools . But the most important reason for its popularity is the excellent teachers in Green School . Most teachers graduated from well-known universities and colleges . They have great patience , much experience and especially , deep love for the students .
科目 英語
年級 高三
文件 high3 unit4.doc
標題 Feed the World
章節(jié) 第四單元
關鍵詞 高三英語第四單元
內容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
本單元提出的是一個全世界都關注的問題：《全世界人的吃飯問題》。14-15兩課是說明文。作者揭示了這樣一個事實：世界人口不斷增加，而耕地面積日益減少，世界每年要有十分之一的人中因饑餓而死亡。作者還指出了造成耕地面積減少的原因，并提出了改變這一現(xiàn)象的建議。
建議教師可選擇有關錄像片幫助學生深刻認識：保護耕地和控制人口過快增長的重要性；用問答和討論的方法完成本單元的知識和能力目標。
【指點迷津】
本單元重點知識：
A)單詞和詞組：
*regret:
v. be sorry for the loss of; wish to have again; feel sorry for懊悔；抱歉；遺憾。后接不定式與-ing意思不同。接不定式意為“遺憾要去做……”
；接-ing已為“已做……而后悔”。
We deeply regretted his death.
I regret to say that I can’t help you. (比I am sorry to say that…較為正式的表達)
He regrets that he was rude to her.
他后悔對她不禮貌。
She regretted not having told you about it earlier.
她后悔沒有早點告訴你這件事。
n. feeling of sadness at the loss of sth. or disappointment because sth. has or has not been done.懊悔；抱歉；遺憾。
I feel regret at her absence.
她沒來，我感到很可惜。
We heard with regret that you were not successful in your plan.
聽到你的計劃沒有成功，我們感到遺憾。
I waste no time in useless regret.
*provide: v.to supply; to prepare for提供；供給、裝備；
搭配為：provide sb. sth.; provide sth. for sb. provide sb. with sth.
We can provide ourselves.
我們現(xiàn)在可以自給自足了。
The mother provided them some thick clothes.
母親為他們準備了一些厚衣服。
We must provide food for the trip.
我們必須準備旅途中的食品。
The Red Cross provides food and clothes for the sufferers.
紅十字會向難民提供食品和衣服。
*increase: v.[in’kris] to become greater in size, number, value etc.增加；繁殖。
The population of this town has increased to 2000,000.
城鎮(zhèn)的人中去年增加了二十萬。
The population of this town increased by 10 percent last year.
這個城鎮(zhèn)的人口去年增加到二十萬。
There has been a big increase in road accidents.
近來交通事故有所增加。
注意：increase的n.名詞讀音與動詞不同[‘ inkris]，它的反義詞為decrease v.減少；縮減。
*now and again; occasionally; at times; now and then時而
On my way home from school, I called on Granny Li now and again.
在放學回家的路上，我時而去看望李奶奶。
*help oneself to… serve oneself with food(drink) etc. 衣隨便吃（喝）
Please help yourself to some fish. It is fresh.
魚很新鮮，請隨便嘗嘗。
*day by day; as time goes by 逐日；一天一天地
Day by day she learnt more about her work.
她日益了解了自己的工作。
*look forward to(doing) sth. 欣然期待（去做）謀事。
The little girl was looking forward to seeing her uncle from America.
那個小姑娘正盼望著見到從美國來的叔叔。
*be suitable for; be right for a purpose適宜的；適當?shù)�；恰當�(shù)摹?/p>
Do you think this present is suitable for a little boy?
你認為這個禮物對于孩子合適嗎？
*be in debt: owe a lot of money 欠債
The old man was in heavily debt in order to buy seeds.
那位老人為了買種子身負重債。
*make sense: have an understandable meaning有意義；有道理；講得通；
be sensible是明智的；是合情合理的。
What you say makes no sense.
你說的話沒有道理。
It doesn’t make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.
這件便宜的大衣也很好，何必也買那件貴的。
*earn one’s living: get money by working謀生； 掙錢生活
I start to earn my own living this very afternoon.
從今天下午開始，我自己掙錢養(yǎng)活自己了。
*for one thing: (used to introduce a reason for sth.用以引出謀事的理由 )一來
I’m afraid that I won’t be able to spend the weekend with you in Dalian. For one thing, I have no money and another I’m too busy.
恐怕我不能和你一起去大連度周末了，一來我沒有錢，二來我太忙。
以上單詞和詞組可通過聽對話錄音，教師介紹過程中呈現(xiàn)，然后用問答討論課文內容等方式再現(xiàn)以上單詞和詞組加深理解詞義，掌握用法，緊后用句型轉換或補全名子等方法鞏固，開發(fā)運用。
B)本單元應掌握的重點文法知識：名詞性從句
名詞從句包括主語、表語、賓語和同位語從句。從總體上要注意兩點：
連接主句與從句的連詞有副詞why, how, where, when, whether, if,它們在從句中充當狀語成份，個有不同的詞意，因此不能省略。代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, 它們在從句中充當主語、定語、賓語，個有不同的詞意，因此也不能省略。在聯(lián)系中取舍哪一個詞，本著缺什么成份，把它補齊，使句子在結構上與含意上完整就可以了。不同的連詞，名子的意思也不同。例如：
Why/How/Where/When/Whether/Of what material the new house will be built hasn’t been decided yet.
為什么/怎樣/在什么地方/什么時候/是否/用什么材料建這座房子還沒有定下來。
【學法指要】
本單元語法難點：
1.掌握that在名詞性從句中的用法。that在賓語從句中，不充當成份，也無詞意，因此它可以省去；在主語、表語和同位語從句中，that雖然不充當成份，也無詞意，但不能省略。
Today’s newspaper reports(that) sales of beef in China will increase.（賓語從句）
今天的報紙報道說，中國的牛肉銷售量將會增加。
That land ownership in some countries is unfair is obvious.（主語從句）
在一些國家里，土地所有制的不公平是顯而易見的。
The reason is that is has been raining for five days.（表語從句）
原因是已經(jīng)下了五天的雨。
The reason that it has been raining for five days is why the crops has been flooded.
連續(xù)下了五天的雨，所以莊稼都泡在水里了。（同位語從句）
2.注意賓語從句中主句與從句謂語動詞時態(tài)的呼應。
賓語從句中主句與從句謂語動詞時態(tài)的呼應有三種情況：
A)主語謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在和將來時態(tài)時，從句謂語動詞可用任何所需要的時態(tài)。
Tom says that his sister is(was, will be) a doctor.
B)主句謂語動詞用過去時態(tài)時，從句謂語動詞則根據(jù)語境用過去時間的各種時態(tài)。這規(guī)律意也適用于主語、表語和同位語從句。
He thought the boy was honest.
I told him his brother was coming(would come).
We didn’t know whether they had finished their work.
注意：當從句說的內容是一般真理或客觀事實時，從句謂語動詞仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。
The mother told her little daughter that the earth goes round the sum.
He told me that the train for Beijing leaves at 10:30.
Somebody told me that you are a teacher.
3.否定轉移
當主句的動詞是think, believe, suppose, expect時，從句的否定要前移。
I don’t think she is right.
【妙文賞析】
Many centuries ago, all people had gathered seeds and plants to eat. They did not know how to farm or raise animals for food. Because they used stone tools and weapons, we call them the Stone Age people. There are people who still live much like these Stone Age people lived. They live in places that are hard to reach. Because they have met few outsiders, they do not know about modern inventions. They have not traded ways of doing things with others. For 25,000 years, groups of people have lived alone in the middle of Australia. One of the groups is the Aruba tatribe. They do not know how to farm, nor do they raise animals. The Artuntas spend most of their time searching for food and water. The men hunt animals with stone---tipped spears. The women and children look for roots, seeds and nuts. Several Artunta families live together. They have no houses. At night, they sleep around fires.
【思維體操】
閱讀下列廣告，回答1-5問題。
WUHAN PLUMBING(水管) & HEATING
Since 1992
Plumbing and Heating Installation(安裝)
LARGE OR SMALL
Free
ESTIMATE(估計)
24 Hours 7 Days Service
Payment Open
8267896
261 Dong Fang Road
Wuchang
1.What is written above is _______.
A. a notice B. an address
C. an advertisement D. a poster
2.What service is offered free by Wuhan P.& H.?
A. Installation B. Quality of houses
C. Estimates of costs D. Large or small repairs
3.For which of the following problems would one call Wuhan P.& H.?
A. A leak(漏) in the roof.
B. Gas leak in the refrigerator.
C. Something wrong with wall plugs.
D. A broken bathroom pipe leaking water all over the floor.
4.The person who calls Wuhan P.& H. may discuss _____.
A. A duties B. experience C. cost D. salary
5.Wuhan is in _____ Province.
A. Hubei B. Hebei C. Hunan D. Henan
答案：CCDCA
【心中有數(shù)】
本單元的語法重點是名詞性從句，而名詞性從句的考查在高考試卷單項選擇一題中一般情況下占20%，即在20個小題中有一個小題。如：
1.─I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
─Is that _____ you had a few days off ?
A. why B. when C. what D. where (NMET99)
2.─It was _____ he said _____ disappointed me.
A. what; that B. that; that
C. what; what D. that; what (上海99)
答案：1.A；2.A
分析：
句1：從題干和所給的4個選擇中不難看出本題考查的是表語從句�！癐 drove to Zhuhai for the air show.”提出一個事實，而第二句表明“I”不在的原因。故答案為A.why。
句2：該句考查的是強調句和主語從句。該句強調的是句中的主語，而該句的主語又是一個從句。從這個結構中可以看出第二個空和“It was”構成強調句，故第二個空應該是that；第一個空和“he said”構成主語從句；在這個從句中“said”一詞后缺少賓語，故答案為A.what;that。
【動腦動手】
同步訓練
I.單詞拼寫：
1.A country is not likely to develop without industry and a____.
2.Zhou Enlai will always be remembered as a great p_____.
3.The dish is not salty. Do you mind pouring some s____ on it?
4.Greatly to my r_____ , I am unable to accept your kind invitation.
5.His death means a great l____ to science.
6.It is not _____(合適) to grow cash crops here.
7.We don’t care what _____(材料) they really want.
8.The problem was how they could ______(償還) so much.
9.They had to _____(承認) what they had done was wrong.
10.Who has won the first place will not be _____(公布) until the game is over.
II.單項選擇
A)同步訓練
11.I can not help _____ of my childhood _____ I see the wound in my leg.
A. think, when B. thinking, whenever
C. to think, when D. thought, no matter when
12.At the party we _____ to some ice cream.
A. helped B. to help C. helping D. were helped
13.______ the orders or you will be punished.
A. Have B. Receive C. Obey D. Place
14.─Is this machine _____ order or _____ good order?
─It works very well
A. in; in B. out of; in
C. in; out of D. out of; out of
15.We are all looking _____ the day when our country will be highly developed.
A. at B. for C. up D. forward to
16.The city was almost destroyed completely by an earth quake many years ago.
A. damaged slightly B. torn C. ruined D. broken
17.The expedition _____ no loss of life and returned to their base on time.
A. made B. got C. gained D. suffered
18.If you want a plant to ____, you had better _____ it in the garden.
A. plant; plant B. grow; plant
C. plant; grow D. be grown; grow
19.Last year farmers could not have their wheat crops _____ because of the bad weather.
A. increasing B. decreased
C. increased D. decreasing
20.It didn’t take her long to work ____ that she would soon have no money left.
A. at B. on C. for D. out
B)語法訓練
21.It is _____ that the experiment should be made under low temperature.
A. said B. reported C. told D. suggested
22.______ man first made use of electricity is not exactly known.
A. When B. Whether C. That D. What
23.______ this material will be used in the product has not been decided yet.
A. If B. That C. What D. Whether
24.______ we are saying is more than ______ we will do.
A. That; that B. What; what
C. As; as D. Whatever; that
25.Our doubt is _____ he can do the experiment alone.
A. that B. if C. whether D.what
26.The reason ______ he didn’t come to our party was _____ he took a missing boy back home on his way here.
A. why; because B. why; that
C. that; why D. that; that
27.Do you have no idea ______?
A. how fast light travels B. how fast does light travel
C. how soon light travels D. how rapid light travels
28.Do you have no doubt _____ he will succeed in finding a new job?
A. if B. whether C. that D. whether or not
29.I kept looking at the man, wondering _______.
A. whether had I had seen him before
B. where I had seen him before
C. that I had seen him before
D. when I had seen before
30.The teacher told the children that man _____ any life on the moon.
A. didn’t find B. could not find
C. doesn’t find D. hasn’t been able to find
III.完型填空
In the 17th century corn was grown a lot in Tibet and Sichuan. At that time the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very 31 ;there was not enough 32 for the population. Farmers had to move 33 the hills, but they 34 rice there. They needed plant which didn’t need 35 water as rice. 36 they were able to grow the new corn.
Today, corn is found all over the world. It is a very useful plant that can be 37 in many different ways. People in the West often boil in 38 over an open fire. In many parts of the world corn 39 powder. The powder is then 40 water and other things, and made inot different kinds of food.
31.A. crowd
B. crowded
C. crowds
D. a crowd
32.A. rooms
B. places
C. room
D. place
33.A. into
B. in
C. to
D. on
34.A. hadn’t grown
B. didn’t grow
C. can’t raise
D. couldn’t grow
35.A. as many
B. as much
C. as much as
D. much as
36.A. Luckily
B. Unluckily
C. Fortunate
D. Unfortunately
37.A. cooking
B. to cook
C. prepared
D. done
38.A. all
B. whole
C. completely
D. each
39.A. makes into
B. be made to
C. be made from
D. is made into
40.A. mixed with
B. mixed to
C. mixing
D. to mix
IV.短文改錯
Plants are very important living thing. Life could not
go on when there were no plants. This is why plants can
make food with air and, water, or sunlight. Animals and men
can’t make food with air, water or sunlight. Animals can get
its food by eating plants and other animals. Man gets his food by eating plants and animals, either. Therefore, animals, and
man need plants in order to live. This is that we find we find
such many plants around us. If you look carefully at the plants around you, you’ll find that there are many types plants. Some
plants are big, while others are small. Most of plants are green.
41.______
42.______
43.______
44.______
45.______
46.______
47.______
48.______
49.______
50.______
【創(chuàng)新園地】
語言功能 從下列各題的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出一個最佳答案。
1.─My daughter has passed the exam.
─Congratulations! She’s really intelligent.
─_______
A. No, no, she is intelligent.
B. Oh, thank you!
C. Sometimes she is intelligent.
D. You are right.
2.─You forgot to feed the cat again!
─________
A. I can’t remember.
B. I don’t mind feeding her again.
C. I’ll do it now.
D. Yes, I did. What about you!
3.─Mum, I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding!
─________
A. Let me see.
B. Don’t worry.
C. Be careful
D. Let me have a look
4.─What’s happened to my library book?
─________
A. I’ve no idea.
B. You borrowed them from the library.
C. You bought them yesterday.
D. They’re about long life.
5.─Where is Tom this morning?
─He’s got a cold.
─________
A. Just tell him to take it easy.
B. What’s the matter with him?
C. He’s absent.
D. What? Where is he?
答案：
1.agriculture; 2.politician; 3.sauce; 4.regret; 5.loss
6.suitable; 7.materials; 8.repay; 9.admit; 10.announced
11-15BDCBD 16-20CDCCD 21-25BADBC 26-30BACBD
31-35BCADB 36-40ACBDA
Plants are very important living thing. Life could not
go on when there were no plants. This is why plants can
make food with
air and, water, or sunlight. Animals and men
can’t make food with air, water or sunlight. Animals can get
its food by eating plants and other animals. Man gets his food by eating plants and animals, either. Therefore, animals, and
man need plants in order to live. This is that we find we find
such many plants around us. If you look carefully at the plants around you, you’ll find that there are many types plants. Some
plants are big, when others are small. Most of plants are green.
41.things
42.if
43.and
44.Ö
45.their
46.too
47.why
48.so
49.of
50.while
【創(chuàng)新園地答案】
1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.A; 5.A
科目 英語
年級 高三
文件 high3 unit17.doc
標題 My teacher（我的老師）
章節(jié) 第十七單元
關鍵詞 高三英語第十七單元
內容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
同學們，當你閱讀完“My Teacher”一課后，你一定會被主人公身殘志不殘、自強、自立和誨人不倦的光輝形象所打動。
單元雙基學習目標
Ⅰ. 詞匯學習
simple-minded , patience , laughter , burst into laughter , look back upon , wisdom , human being , priceless , gifted , throat
Ⅱ. 交際英語
Asking for permission and responses (征求許可與應答)
1. May / Can / Could I do … ?
2. I wonder if I could do … ?
3. Would / Do you mind if I … ?
4. Do you think I could do … ?
5. I was wondering if I could
6. Will you allow me to do … ?
7. Do you have any objection ?
8. I should like to do …
9. With your permission , I should like to …
10. I hope you don’t mind , but wouldn’t it be possible for me to do …… ?
11. As you wish . / If you like .
12. I don’t mind , just as you like . / I don’t mind your doing … .
13. Not at all , please . .
14. You are welcome to use …
15. Of course . / Yes . / Sure . / Certainly .
16. Go ahead . That’s OK . / That’s all right .
17. I’m sorry , you can’t . / I’m sorry , but … .
18. You’d better not do… .
19. Out of question , I’m afraid .
20. I’m afraid it’s not possible for you to do … .
Ⅲ. 語法學習
在這一單元，同學們要掌握句子結構中的表語功能，表語在句中作為謂語動詞的一部分，用來說明主語的身份、性質、形狀、狀態(tài)、特征等。那么，什么可以作表語呢 ？
可以說系動詞也是考試的熱點，它用來表示狀態(tài)；它跟形容詞、名詞、介詞短語、動詞-ing形式、過去分詞等合用構成系表結構。常見的系動詞有：become , look , sound , smell , taste , seem , appear , prove , turn , go , remain , stay , fall等。
【指點迷津】
at birth , at a birth , by birth , from birth , of…birth 與 give birth to
birth 是中學英語教材中的一常用詞，也常見于 birthday ( 生日 ) 、birthplace ( 出生地 ) 、birthrate ( 出生率 ) 和 birth control ( 計劃生育 ) 等一些復合名詞或短語之中。從字面看，這些復合詞和短語意義容易理解，但下面一些含 birth 的介詞短語和動詞短語對于中學生來說就不那么容易理解了�，F(xiàn)將 at birth , at a birth , by birth , from birth , of…birth 與 give birth to 的用法作一總結，供同學們參考。
1 . at birth 意為 “ 出生時 ” ，相當于 when one was born 。例如：
She weighed 8 pounds at birth . 她出生時重 8 磅。
2 . at a birth 表示 “ 一胎生育…… ” 。例如：
Cats sometimes have four or five young at a birth . 貓有時一胎產(chǎn)四、五只幼仔。
3 . by birth 意為 “ 按血統(tǒng)，論出身 ” 。例如：
He was a Swede by birth , a German by education . 他具有瑞典血統(tǒng)，受的是德國的教育。
4 . from birth 意為 “ 一生下來就，從一出生下來 ” 。例如：
She has been blind from ( her ) birth . 她從一生下來就雙目失明。
5 . of…birth 意為 “ 出身于……之家 ” 。例如：
He was a man of noble birth . 他出身名門望放。
6 . give birth to 意為 “ 生出，生產(chǎn) ” 。例如：
She gave birth to a second chile in January . 元月她又生了一個孩子。
The Chinese nation has given birth to many national heroes and revolutionary leaders . 中華民族孕育出了許多民族英雄和革命領袖。
二、學海導航
【學法指要】
單元重點詞匯點撥
1.patience容忍；耐心
This kind of work requires much patience .
She had no patience with her nosy neighbours .她不能容忍愛管閑事的鄰居們。
〖點撥〗with patience = patiently耐心地。be out of patience with對……不能忍受。
另外，注意：be patient with sb對某人耐心。be patient of sth對某事耐心。
You should be more patient with these patients . 你應該對這些病人再耐心些。
2. laughter笑；笑聲
I heard a roar of laughter from the next room . 我聽到從隔壁房間傳來哄笑聲。
〖點撥〗burst into laughter = break out into laughter = burst out laughing 放聲大笑。
注意由laugh構成的詞組有：laugh a good / hearty laugh開心地笑。laugh a bitter laughter苦笑。have a good laugh over對……捧腹大笑。laugh at嘲笑。
He laughs longest who laughs last . = He who laughs last laughs longest . (諺語) 笑到最后的笑的最好。（別高興的太早了。）
3. priceless無價的；非常貴的
The priceless collection of paintings is of great importance .
〖點撥〗valuable , invaluable , priceless , valueless 和 worthless
從形式上看，invaluable , priceless , valueless 和 worthless 這四個形容詞均帶有否定意義的前綴 in- 或者后綴 -less ，因此，很容易認為它們都含否定意思，其實它們的含義有天壤 之別�，F(xiàn)介紹如下：
1) invaluable ：該詞中的前綴 -in 加重 valuable 的含義，所以 invaluable 的準確意思為“價值大得無法衡量的”“非常貴的”。如：
His advice has been invaluable to the success of the project . 他的意見對于項目取得成功起到了非常積極的作用。
2) priceless ：該詞中的后綴 -less 有抬高價碼的意思，所以該詞譯作“價值高得難以確定的”“非常值錢的”“無價的”。如：
Only the rich can afford to buy these priceless paintings . 只有富人們才能買得起這些價值千金的繪畫作品。
Works of art , historic monuments and priceless historical records were ruthlessly destroyed . 藝術作品、歷史遺址以及無法估價的史料均遭到殘酷的破壞。
3) valueless ：此處的 -less 是一個含否定意義的后綴，故該詞譯作“不值錢的”“毫無價值的”。如：
These paintings have been ruined and are now valueless . 這些油畫都已毀壞，所以現(xiàn)在就無價值了。
4) worthless ：此詞與 valueless 同義，但還有“不足取的”“絲毫沒用的”之意，這時不能與 valueless 換用。如：
The jewels he sold us turned out to be completely worthless . 他賣給我們的珠寶原來毫無價值。
It was a worthless action .那次行動得不償失。
單元詞組思維運用
1. mean nothing to me對我來說毫無意義
2. reach my understanding終于使我弄明白了
3. reach out to把手伸向
4. reach out for伸手去那拿
5. take sb by the hand挽著某人的胳膊
6. bring sb into touch with使某人接觸到
7. look back upon / over被……所感動
8. be patient with sb對某人耐心
9. demanding job費事的工作
10. owe thanks to sb for為……而感謝某人
11. start all over again重新開始
12. do an exam考試
13. be away on holiday外出度假
14. sound exciting聽起來扣人心弦
15. burst into tears = burst out crying突然哭起來
16. vote for sb投票選某人
17. fall silent突然沉默下來
18. study away from home在離家很遠的地方就讀
單元難點疑點思路明晰
1 . …one or two people had told my mother that I was simple-minded . 有一兩個人曾對我母親說過我頭腦簡單。
〖明晰〗(1)one or two…后的動詞用復數(shù)，one or two還可作主語。但a/an…or two可當作集合名詞看待，而動詞取單復數(shù)都可，由講話者或作者主觀上而定。如：
There are one or two things that must be remembered . 有幾件事必須記住。
Only one or two have been questioned about the case . 有關該案只有一兩個人受到審問。
Only a word or two is/are needed here . 這兒只需幾句話就行了。
(2)simple-minded 頭腦簡單的。minded作為形容詞常構成復合詞，含“有……頭腦 的（思想的，觀念的，意識強的）”。如：
small-minded氣量小的，absent-minded心不在焉的，noble-minded思想高尚的,independent-minded有獨立見解的,like-minded觀點相同的,tradition － minded有傳統(tǒng)觀念的，lazy-minded 思想懶惰，sports-minded醉心體育運動的，safety-minded安全意識強的。
2 . A born teacher, she thought she would turn a deaf- blind person into a useful human being . 她是一位天生的教師， 她認為她能把一個又聾又瞎的人變成為一個有用的人。
〖明晰〗(1)a born teacher在本句作非限制性同位語，通常，非限制性同位語放在與它同位的那個詞后面，并用逗號隔開。但是有時非限制性同位語可以提到句子前面，放在主語前面，這樣做是為了給這個同位語以突出的位置，但更多的是因為主語是人稱代詞（人稱代詞太短），如果將較長的同位語放在后面會影響句子的平衡。又如：
An excellent speaker, he is never at a loss for words . 他是一位出色的演說家，從來不會想不出說什么好。
(2)born作形容詞是“天生的，生來的”如：
a born fool 天生的傻子/a born musician 天生的音樂家/a recently born idea 新近產(chǎn)生的想法/He is born rich . 他生來有錢。
3 . I reached out to Annie's hand . 我把手伸向安妮的手。
〖明晰〗reach out 伸出手（臂），可作不及物動詞，也可作及物動詞。如：
She reached out and took down a dictionary from the top shelf . 她伸手從最高一格書架上取下一本詞典。
She reached out her hand and offered to shake his . 她伸了手去，想和他握手。
4 . She also brought me into touch with everything that could be felt ━━ soil, wood, silk . 她還使我接觸到所有能感覺到的東西 ━━ 泥土、木板、絲綢。
〖明晰〗bring into 使進入某種狀態(tài)。bring sb into touch ( contact, association) with…使接觸到。如：
This brought us into touch with a wide circle of people . 這使我們有機會廣泛接觸各式各樣的人。
5 . As I look back upon those years, I am struck by Annie's wisdom . 當我回顧那些歲月時，安妮的智慧使我驚嘆不已。
〖明晰〗(1)look back“回顧，回憶”（＝think about the past, recall the past）, 后接on, upon, to, over介詞短語。如：
Looking back upon our achievements, we are firmly convinced that we shall be able to achieve even greater victories . 回顧我們所取得的成就，我們堅信將能取得更大的勝利。
(2)be struck by 被……所打動，被……所迷住。
6 . It took great imagination as well as patience for Annie to teach me to speak . 安妮以極大的耐心和想象力教我說話。
〖明晰〗as well as 在此處是連詞“和，又，也，除……外還”。 在表示“不但……而 且……”時則側重強調前者，謂語與前者一致。而“not only…but also …”則側 重于后者，謂語與后者一致。如：
He can speak French as well as English . 他不但會講英語，而且還會講法語。
She is not only hardworking but also clever . 她不但用功，而且聰明。
(He as well as we is(=Not only we but also he is ) eager to know the results . 不僅我們，而且他也急于想知道結果。
7 . To Annie I one thanks for this priceless gift of speech . 我得感謝安妮給了我說話能力這個無價之寶。(=Annie taught me to able to speak . This I consider to be the most valuable gift she gave me . For this I express my gratitude to her . )
〖明晰〗(1)owe thanks to sb for為……而感謝某人。to sb可提至句首以示強調。如：
I owe many thanks to Mr Wang for his help . 對王先生的幫助，我非常感謝。
(2)owe…to 應該把……歸功于。如：
She owes her success to hard work . 她把成功歸因于辛勤工作。
8. laugh, laughter, laughing, laughable, smile
〖明晰〗(1)laugh v . n . 笑；發(fā)笑；笑聲。常作動詞指由于高興、快樂或看到某個有趣的景象而出聲的笑，有時也表示嘲笑。如：
laugh at 因……而出聲的笑；嘲笑/laugh in sb's face 當面嘲笑某人/laugh one's head off放聲大笑/burst into a laugh 突然笑起來/laugh a hearty laugh放聲大笑/have a good laugh over 對……捧腹大笑/He laughs best who laughs last . 誰笑在最后，誰笑得最好。
(2)laughter 笑；笑聲。 其常見搭配有：burst into laughter 突然哈哈大笑 /with laughter or with tears不知是哭還是笑/I heard sounds of laughter in the next room . 我聽到隔壁屋里的笑聲。
(3)laughing 帶笑的；可笑的；一笑置之（指主語所表現(xiàn)出的外部特征）。 laughable. 有趣的；荒唐可笑的（指主語的所作所為令人可笑）。如：
a laughing girl一個笑容滿面的姑娘/make laughable mistakes 把一個令人可笑的錯誤/It's no laughing matter . 這可不是開玩笑的。/He considered our offer of $ 10000 for the painting laughable . 他認為我們對這幅畫出價10萬美金簡直可笑。
(4)smile常指由于愉快，友好等發(fā)出無聲的“微笑”。如：
She smiled her thanks . 她以微笑表示感謝。
She smiled a forced smile . 她強作笑顏。
9. priceless, price, priced, value, invaluable, valueless, precious, worthless
〖明晰〗(1)price n . 價格，價錢；代價。priced有定價的。priceless（無比較級和最高級）無價的，貴重的（＝invaluable）。如：
Up goes the price of the vinegar!醋價又上漲了。/the priced steel有定價的鋼材/make a priceless contribution to human beings 為人類作出寶貴的貢獻。/Good health is priceless . 健康是無價之寶。
(2)value價，價值。估價，評價；珍重。valuable adj . 有價值的，貴重的。 invaluable無價的(指無法衡量的高價值，相當于priceless)。如：
This book is of more value than that one . 這本書比那本書價錢貴。 /You don't know the value of health . 你不知道健康的重要性。 /Our Party highly values the wisdom of the masses . 我黨高度重視群眾的智慧。
(3)valueless無價值的，沒有用的(=worthless)。如：
a worthless, broken tool 沒有用的工具。
10 . health, healthy, healthful
〖明晰〗 (1)health “健康；衛(wèi)生”，常用于be in good/poor health 身體很（不）健康。 healthy “健康的，健壯的”(having health)，當healthy 引伸為“有益于健康”的時候可與healthful換用。healthful “有益于健康的”( giving health)。如：
Fresh air and exercise are good for the health . 新鮮空氣和運動有益于健康。
Swimming is a healthful exercise . 游泳是一項有益于健康的運動。
(SEFC B1 L58)Every person needs water and a diet of healthy/healthful food . 人人需要飲水和食用有益于健康的食品。
11 . human, human being, human race, mankind, man, person, people, soul,creature
〖明晰〗(1)human adj . 人的，有關人的；人類的；有人性的。該詞還可作名詞表“人”，常用該詞構成a human being一個人, human beings人們, human race 人類，在將人與動物、
神仙、鬼等比較時常用human, 其復數(shù)形式為humans。如：
Are robots as clever as humans?機器人跟人一樣聰明嗎?
(3)person 可以指man, woman或child,其復數(shù)形式常是people,用persons 則強調數(shù) 量的概念。“一個人”是a person, 不能說 a people, “兩個人”可說two persons/people。
(4)man的單數(shù)形式并其前不加冠詞可表“人類”，相當于mankind。如：
Man's knowledge of things constantly develops . 人類的認識總是不斷發(fā)展的。
(5)people 泛詣“人們”，the people 人民，人們，a people, peoples民族。如：
The Chinese are a hardworking people . 中華民族是勤勞的民族。
serve the people為人民服務，many people at the meeting . 出席會議的人很多。the English-speaking peoples 使用英語的各民族。
(6)soul, creature 在書面語中常表“人”，常與數(shù)詞連用并帶感情色彩。soul還表“首腦，核心人物”如；
Won't someone help that poor pretty creature?難道沒人幫助那可憐但美麗的人嗎?
The ship was lost off the coast with all souls . 這條船在沿海失事，船上的人全部遇難。
an important soul in the strike 罷工中的核心人物。
【妙文賞析】
一位澳大利亞姑娘和一個美國小伙結婚后，在美國度蜜月。有一天新郎新娘去赴宴，新郎覺得沒有合適的服裝可穿，恰巧前不久新娘在他的生日前送了他一套服裝，新娘于是不假思索地說：" Why not wear your birthday suit ? " 不料這句話卻使新郎全家大驚失色，面面相覷。
原來，這位來自澳大利亞的、生來就講英語的新娘不知道 birthday suit在美國英語中不當" 生日服裝 " 講，而是" 赤身露體 " 的婉語，所以鬧出了笑話。如：
The little boys were swimming in their birthday suit . ( 那些男孩子正光著身子在游泳。)
【思維體操】
容易望文生義的英語詞組(1)
下面的詞組很容易翻譯錯，請你注意其正確的漢語：
1. absent-minded心不在焉 2 . run across sb .偶然遇見某人 3 . go ahead 隨便 ( 用 ) 吧，開始吧 4 . on the air 在廣播 5 . let alone 更不用說 6 . as well 也，一起 7 . as ( so ) long as只要 8 . so far 到目前為止 9 . be sound asleep睡得很熟 10 . pass away 去世 11 . go to bed上床睡覺 12 . not a little不止一點 13 . break down ( 機器 ) 出故障 14 . bring up把某人養(yǎng)大15 . bring about引起，造成 16 . build up增強 ( 體質 ) 發(fā)展 ( 事業(yè) ) 17 . but for 要不是 18 . call up sb .給某人打電話 19 . carry out執(zhí)行，開展 20 . come true ( 夢想 ) 成真，實現(xiàn) 21 . in common 共同地 22 . the other day過去某一天 23 . keep a diary 寫日記 24 . drop in順便拜訪 ( 某人或某地 ) 25 . at ease 26 . enjoy oneself過得快樂 27 . for good永遠28 . far from毫不，遠遠不是 29 . feel like doing sth . 想要做某事 30 . by force通過武力
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
淺析“變成”類系動詞及搭配
常見的“變成”類系動詞有 become , get , come , go , grow , fall , turn , run 等，都表示從一種狀態(tài)到另一種狀態(tài)。盡管意思差不多，但搭配有差別，若不注意，運用時會出錯。我們要注意以下幾個方面。
1 . 形容詞作表語。
go 和 come 是一對相反的詞�！癵o + adj . ”表示令人不快的事情，而“come + adj . ”則表示好的事情。例如：
In hot weather , meat goes bad .
Things will come right in the end .
go 與 come 前面的主語一般是物。例如：
(誤)She goes famous .
(正)She becomes(gets)famous .
表語為mad , crazy(古怪的)，blind , lame 或表示顏色的詞，go 前面的主語可以是人。例如：
He went mad .
Hearing this , she went red .
run 后面接 short , dry , low , deep 等詞，主語多為能流動，能消耗掉的東西。例如：
Their money was running short .
Still waters run deep .
但 wild 作表語，主語可以是人。例如：
Don't let the children run wild . 不要讓孩子們毫無約束(變野了)。
grow 與 run 相對，接表示人或物特征的靜態(tài)形容詞，也接表示天氣的形容詞，側重于“逐漸變成”。例如：
The girl grew thinner and thinner .
Soon the sky grew light .
turn 多接表示顏色的形容詞，也接表示天氣的形容詞，它側重變得與以前完全不同。
The man turned blue with fear . 因害怕，這個人變得憂郁起來。
The weather suddenly turned much colder .
fall 接 asleep , silent 等靜態(tài)形容詞和表示疾病的形容詞，但不能接形容詞比較級。例如：
She fell ill from cold .
(誤)She fell worse .
(正)She got worse .
fall short(沒中)，fall apart(散開)，fall flat(沒效果)，可作成語記住。
“get + adj . ”是口語，用得廣泛，get能替代become , become 較正式，get 與 become 前面的主語既可以是人又可以是物。例如：
He became(got)angry .
His coat has become(got)badly torn .
get較多地與形容詞比較級連用。例如：
The days are getting longer and longer .
注意：become 一般不用于“將來成為”的意思。例如：
(誤)I hope you will become well .
(正)I hope you will get well .
2 . become , turn , get , go , fall 能用名詞作表語，其它的則不能。例如：
His dream has become(got)a reality .
He has turned scientist .
He has gone socialist .
He fell(a)victim to cancer . (他患了癌癥。)
注意：go , turn 后面的名詞通常不帶冠詞。
3 . become , get , grow 能接過去分詞，并且 come 和 go 多接有否定前綴的過去分詞。
“get + 過去分詞”表示一次行為；“become + 過去分詞”表示事情發(fā)生的最后結果。
The string comes untied .
His report went unnoticed .
The fence gets white――washed every year .
She became engaged as a typist .
4 . get , go , come 能接現(xiàn)在分詞，不過它們已失去“成為”的意思。例如：
They went in and got chatting together . (開始)
We often go swimming . (去)
He came running in . (來)
5 . come , grow , get 能接不定式，這種結構表示變化過程，come 表示“最終變得”，get 表示“由不……變得”，grow 表示“漸漸變得”。例如：
I've really come to love this place .
Mary's growing to be more and more like her mother .
You'll soon get to like it .
這種結構不能用于帶有一段時間的完成時態(tài)。例如：
(誤)They have got to know each other for years .
(正)They have known each other for years .
6 . 它們都可以接介詞短語，固定搭配需要一個一個地記。例如：
They went(grow)out of fashion . (它們變得不時髦了。)
They ran out of money .
The problem will come under discussion .
They fell behind the others .
What has become of the girl .
It's getting near tea-time .
【動腦動手】
單元能力立體檢測
聲 音 的 特 性
重點難點：
聲音的特性
樂音的音調跟發(fā)聲體的振動頻率有關
響度跟發(fā)聲體的振幅有關
考點:
1．樂音的三要素。
2．現(xiàn)代技術中與聲有關的應用。
名師精講：
1． 了解聲音的特性――樂音的三要素：音調、響度、音色。
2． 知道樂音的音調跟發(fā)聲體的振動頻率有關；響度跟發(fā)聲體的振幅有關；不同發(fā)聲體發(fā)出樂音的音色不同。
3． 通過做“音調與頻率有關實驗”和“響度與振幅有關實驗”進一步了解和學習物理研究問題的方法。
4． 體會現(xiàn)實世界物體的發(fā)聲是豐富多彩的。
中考典型：
1．樂音的三個要素是指：音調、音色和--------------------。
（北京市2004年中考物理試卷）
2．漫步花叢，我們聽到蜜蜂的嗡嗡聲是由蜜蜂翅膀的--------------------產(chǎn)生的。
（北京市海淀區(qū)2004年中考物理試卷）
3．老師用同樣的力吹一根吸管，并將它不斷剪短，他在研究聲音的（ ）
A、響度與吸管長短有關系 B、音調與吸管材料有關系
C、音調與吸管長短有關系 D、音色與吸管材料有關系
（上海市2004年中考物理試卷）
4．男低音獨唱時由女高音輕聲伴唱，則男低音比女高音
（ ）
A、音調低，響度大 B、音調低，響度小
C、音調高，響度大 D、音調高，響度小
（天津市2004年中考物理試卷）
5．聲音從空氣傳到水中，它的傳播速度將（ ）
A、變大 B、變小
C、不變 D、不能確定
（廣東省2004年中考物理試卷）
6．音樂會上的人們聽優(yōu)美的小提琴協(xié)奏曲，小提琴聲是由琴弦的--------------------產(chǎn)生的。并通過--------------------這種介質傳到人耳邊的。
（大連市2004年中考物理試卷）
7．大量事實表明，聲音是由物體的--------------------而-產(chǎn)生的。通常我們聽到的聲音是通過--------------------傳播的。
（廣西南寧市2004年中考物理試卷）
8．幾位同學在室外聊天，市內同學聽聲音可以分辨出每句話是誰說的，這主要是因為各人的
A、音色不同 B、音調不同
C、頻率不同 D、響度不同
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